Evaluating local population dynamics of the American lobster,Homarus americanus,with trap‐based mark‐recapture methods and seabed mapping

Seabed mapping, spatially referenced trapping, and mark‐recapture methods have all been useful tools in ecological studies of lobsters and other benthic animals. Here we integrate the three methods to evaluate local population dynamics and movements of American lobsters, Homarus americanus, in coastal fishing grounds in Maine, United States. The study was conducted on five study areas of different size, and used two different sampling protocols. At one site (1 km² in area) we used a monthly mark‐recapture sampling interval over a 6‐month period, only tagging a subsample of the catch. At four smaller sites (0.3 km²) we used a shorter‐term approach, sampling at 3–4‐day intervals for a 2‐week duration, tagging the entire catch. Tagging data were analysed with a modified Jolly‐Seber model adapted for continuous sampling to estimate population abundance, gains (immigration), and losses (emigration and mortality). Side‐scan sonar surveys of the seabed combined with diver‐based population surveys, stratified by substrate type, provided an independent comparison to mark‐recapture‐based estimates of abundance over the same areas. Spatial referencing of trap catch also allowed us to relate catch rates and lobster movements directly to seabed features. The longer‐term tagging data on the larger study area provided abundance estimates that were more consistent with the diver observations, and estimates of gains and losses statistically more robust, than those derived from the shorter‐term effort on the smaller sites. The flux of lobsters followed the well known seasonal movements on these fishing grounds, with gains and losses from the larger study area ranging over 1000 individuals per day, and an estimated mid‐summer peak density of >65 000 lobsters per km² (individuals >50 mm carapace length). This approach may lend itself to broader application with the American lobster.     

高层建筑典型外墙保温材料火蔓延特性数值模拟研究

有机保温材料被广泛应用于高层建筑外墙保温体系的同时,也可能增加高层建筑的火灾风险。本文通过计算机模拟,着重研究了保温材料之一的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料（EPS）的火蔓延速率、失重速率及温度场分布等特性。研究结果发现：发生火灾后,外墙保温材料可以在很短的时间内自下而上蔓延至整个材料表面,并有表皮着火的现象。在火焰到达材料顶部之前,向上火蔓延占主导地位,材料中部区域明显燃烧脱落,火焰在材料两端上部继续燃烧,有向下加速蔓延的趋势;之后,火焰沿着材料中部内侧向下剧烈燃烧,材料呈V字型燃烧直至熄灭。在高层建筑外墙外保温材料火蔓延中,不同着火点情况下的燃烧速率随时间变化的趋势相似,且会形成两个波峰。     

Assessing the natural component of the external load due to organic matter and biogenic elements on the water bodies in Northwestern Russia

We suggest the method to calculate the natural component of the external loads due to organic matter and biogenic elements on the unexplored lakes using the removal rate moduli for these elements, and indices of the lakes’ specific catchments. The schematic map has been generated for the distribution of natural moduli of removal on the catchment of the Gulf of Finland. We calculated the external natural loads for 94 lakes in landscapes with a high percentage of lakes.     

边值问题虚拟压缩恢复原理及其在Bjerhammar理论中的一个应用

在引力位虚拟压缩恢复法的基础上,进一步发展该法,使其适合于任意一个正则调和函数u.对于任意一个有限单连通形体Ω(其边界是简单封闭曲面),假如给定了边值u| ,并且假定u在上述形体的外部调和,在无穷远处正则,则可根据虚拟压缩恢复思想精确而严密地求出整个外部空间的u场.于是,可将虚拟压缩恢复法提升为虚拟压缩恢复原理.作为一个应用实例,本文简明地给出了Bierhammar理论所需要的虚拟重力异常.     

EXTERNAL CONTROL OF NONMETROPOLITAN INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY

The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA.     

利用外部DEM辅助山区SAR立体像对匹配及地形制图

SAR立体像对的匹配是利用雷达摄影测量技术提取地形高程信息的关键,匹配精度将直接影响结果 DEM的高程精度。针对山区SAR立体像对匹配过程中同名点选取困难的问题,引入外部粗分辨率DEM作为辅助数据,将该DEM高程转换为视差,为匹配提供初值,同时采用金字塔匹配策略,不仅可以缩小搜索范围,提高搜索效率,而且能够减少粗差的产生。试验结果表明,采用外部DEM辅助之后,匹配粗差点数量相对于传统的雷达摄影测量处理结果明显减少,从而有效地提高了高程信息提取重建的精度。     

Short-term residence and movement patterns of the annular seabream Diplodus annularis in a temperate marine reserve

The short-term movements of a small temperate fish, the annular seabream Diplodus annularis (Linnaeus 1758), were examined using standard tag-recapture and passive acoustic telemetry in Palma Bay (NW Mediterranean), a marine protected area (MPA). The study aimed to provide valuable information for assessing the recreational fishery and its results suggest that MPAs can be used to protect the adult stock of D. annularis. All the fish tagged with standard tags were recaptured near the release locations, with a maximum distance of ∼300 m. The maximum time between release and recapture was 185 d. Two different arrays of acoustic receivers were deployed, one in 2008 and another in 2009, within the MPA. Twenty adults were surgically tagged with acoustic transmitters. Fish monitored in 2008 (n = 12) were translocated from the point of capture to analyse the movement behaviour after artificial displacement. Upon release at displaced locations, 67% of the fish moved towards the original capture location using a time of return that ranged from 0.75 to 15.25 h. Fish monitored in 2009 (n = 8) were released at the point of capture. They showed high site fidelity with a maximum period of 27 d between the first time and the last time they were detected.     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱分析石笋样品中多元素比值及45种元素含量

石笋样品的微量元素含量及Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca比值为高分辨的古气候重建提供重要指标。针对现有溶液分析技术易混合多个石笋微层、误差大的缺点,本文利用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱技术(LA-ICP-MS)原位线扫描和点剥蚀方式对比分析了石笋生长轴方向的Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca空间分布趋势,研究表明二者均展现出显著的周期性变化特征,且周期性变化一致,其中40 μm束斑线扫描更具有稳定性强、分辨率高、快速简便的优点。通过探讨碳酸盐标准样品MASC-3与玻璃标准样品NIST 610、NIST 612、KL2G、ATHO-G的相对灵敏度系数关系和元素分馏行为,确定基体效应是造成相对灵敏度系数变化的主要原因。同时建立了以MASC-3、NIST 610和NIST 612多外标结合内标Ca归一定量分析石笋中45种元素方法,针对石笋碳酸盐样品,将主量元素Ca、Mg变形为碳酸盐形式,与其他元素加和归一,不仅改变了国内外研究中需要预先采用其他分析技术来测定内标元素含量的计算方法,而且有效地避免了C元素无法准确检测的问题,能够实现与Ca内标法校正结果的吻合。     

甘肃省张掖丹霞与彩色丘陵地貌的形成与景观特征

对发育在甘肃省张掖市境内祁连山山麓、白垩系中下统碎屑岩地层中的丹霞地貌与彩色丘陵形成的地层、构造、地貌、古地理环境和外动力条件进行了分析;将该地的丹霞地貌划分为窗棂状宫殿式、柱状式和巷谷式三类不同的地貌景观群,并分别描述了各类丹霞地貌和彩色丘陵的景观特征;从景观的典型性、美学价值、科考价值、观赏价值四个方面评价了丹霞地貌与彩色丘陵的科教旅游价值;认为张掖丹霞地貌既有南方丹霞之秀美、又有北方雅丹之雄浑,彩色丘陵色彩斑斓、绚丽多姿、气势宏大,这两种奇特的地貌景观相互衬托,成为国内独特的地质遗迹,具有极高的观赏价值和重要的科研价值,是旅游观光、绘画摄影、科普教育、科学研究和考察的最佳场所。