Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Mafic Igneous Units in the Neoproterozoic Katangan Basin, Central Africa: Implications for Rodinia Break-up

Geochemical compositions of mafic igneous rocks in the Katangan basin in Central Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, hereafter Congo, and Zambia) provide the basis for the geodynamic interpretation of the evolution of this Neoproterozoic basin located between the Congo and Kalahari cratons. The Katangan basin is subdivided into five major tectonic units: the Katangan Aulacogen, the External Fold and Thrust Belt, the Domes Region, the Synclinorial Belt and the Katangan High. The metamorphosed mafic igneous rocks investigated occur in the Katangan Aulacogen, the External Fold and Thrust Belt and the Domes Region. The earliest magmatic activity produced continental tholeiites emplaced on Paleoproterozoic crust during the early stages of intraplate break-up. This continental tholeiite magmatism was followed by an association of alkaline and tholeiitic basalts emplaced in the Katangan continental rift and then by tholeiitic basalts with E-MORB affinity marking a young oceanic crust. These volcanic associations mark different stages of evolution from pre-rift continental break-up up to a continental rift similar to the East African rift system and then to a Red Sea type incipient oceanic rift. A similar evolution occurs in the Damaran basin in southwestern Africa, although no pre-rift continental tholeiites have been recorded in this segment of the Pan-African belt system.     

东海陆架盆地类型及其形成的动力学环境

东海陆架盆地位于欧亚板块东南缘,处于华南陆块(包括西部的扬子地块和东部的华夏地块)之上.其基底是华夏地块在东海陆架的延伸,也是西太平洋大陆边缘构造域的重要组成部分.从全球板块构造格局分析,东海陆架盆地处于西太平洋三角带区域,是印度-澳大利亚板块和太平洋板块与欧亚板块巨型汇聚的地带,也是全球汇聚中心,其东西两侧分别与特提斯和西太平洋构造域演化息息相关.总体来说,东海陆架盆地是“欧亚板块与太平洋板块之间的碰撞、俯冲、弧后扩张,印度-澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块之间的汇聚、碰撞、楔入的远程效应,以及地球深部动力学作用”共同叠加、复合作用形成的弧后盆地.其形成机制符合被动扩张模式,向东的地幔流和软流圈下降流是导致弧后扩张的主要地球深部动力来源.     

城乡生态质量对经济快速增长区建设用地扩张的响应——以合肥为例北大核心CSCD

21世纪以来,中国经济增长促进了城市化进程的快速发展,也在一定程度上带来一系列环境问题。本文以合肥为例,选用2002、2010、2020年的Landsat系列影像,利用改进的遥感生态指数(MRSEI),并引入城市扩张强度、城市重心转移模型等,探讨了城乡生态变化对建设用地扩张的响应。结果表明:2002—2020年合肥市主城区与周边乡镇生态环境质量总体呈恶化趋势,其中周边乡镇MRSEI均值由2002年的0.747下降至2020年的0.495,降幅为33.7%,主城区MRSEI均值由2002年的0.669下降至2020年的0.491,降幅为28.73%;周边乡镇生态质量下降幅度高于主城区,建设用地扩张强度大于主城区,生态破损更为严重。生态环境恶化区域主要由主城区向周边乡镇放射性分布,生态环境变好的区域主要集中在老城区周围,而城市扩张的区域与MRSEI评价结果显示的生态环境恶化区域基本重合,生态环境变化与城市建设用地扩张强度呈明显的负相关关系。     

Empowering farmers with remote sensing knowledge: A success story from the US Upper Midwest

Satellite imagery has proven potential in farm level applications, especially in the US Upper Midwest where the farm sizes are large enough to be studied using high and medium resolutions. In order for farmers to use this technology to improve their productivity and income, it is imperative that they be sufficiently exposed to the technology so that they are able to take full advantage of it. Training of farmers and ranchers in satellite imagery use started at the University of North Dakota in 2000 and has been refined over time. The basic ‘hands on’ training involves downloading imagery from the Upper Midwest Aerospace Consortium (UMAC) website, downloading and use of free visualization software programs available on the web and an introduction to the various application possibilities. Advanced training, which involves more complex extraction of useful information from digital images, is also available to those who complete the basic training. Over 500 farmers, ranchers, crop consultants and other end users have been trained through this programme and the results are beginning to show through the success stories of cost savings and environmental benefits that have emerged.     

桂西北地区石英斑岩脉白云母40Ar/39Ar 年龄及其地质意义

华南西部右江褶皱带内部燕山晚期岩浆岩主要为成群分布的基性- 超基性岩墙群和超酸性岩脉带。本文对桂西北巴
马-凤山-凌云一带的石英斑岩脉进行了斑晶白云母40Ar/39Ar 法测年,获得凤山弄黄北东向岩脉的40Ar/39Ar 坪年龄为（95.59
±0.68）Ma,相应的等时线年龄为（95.0±1.0）Ma;巴马北西向岩脉的坪年龄为（96.54±0.70）Ma,相应的等时线年龄为
（95.91±1.1）Ma。上述年龄代表了岩脉的侵位年龄。这些年龄数据进一步证明右江褶皱带及其周缘燕山期岩浆活动集中于
80~100 Ma 之间,暗示该区晚白垩世发生了大规模的岩石圈伸展减薄事件。华南西部晚白垩世花岗质岩浆活动与大规模的
锡多金属成矿有关,因此桂西北地区石英斑岩集中出露的地方是否具有寻找深部锡多金属矿的前景值得关注。同时,该期
岩浆活动是否与以卡林型金矿为代表的低温热液矿床有成因上的联系尚需更多矿床地质和年代学资料的证实。     

Zeolite Parageneses in the North Atlantic Igneous Province: Implications for Geotectonics and Groundwater Quality of Basaltic Crust

Zeolites are among the most common products of chemical interaction between groundwaters and the Earth's crust during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism. The unique crystal structures of zeolites result in large molar volumes, high cation-exchange capacities, and reversible dehydration. These properties influence both the stability and chemistry of zeolites in geologic systems, leading to complex parageneses and compositional relationships that provide sensitive indicators of physicochemical conditions in the crust. Observations of zeolite occurrence in Tertiary basaltic lavas in the North Atlantic region indicate that individual zeolite minerals are distributed in distinct, depth-controlled zones that parallel the paleosurface of the plateau basalts and transgress the lava stratigraphy. The zeolite zones are interpreted to have formed at the end of burial metamorphism of the lavas. Relative timing relations between various mineral parageneses and crustal-scale deformal features indicate that the minerals indicative of the zeolite zones formed within 1 million years after cessation of volcanism. Empirical correlation between the depth distribution of zeolite zones and the temperatures of formation of zeolites in geothermal systems provides estimates of regional thermal gradients and heat flow in flood-basalt provinces. Similarly, the orientations of zeolite zones can be used to distinguish synvolcanic and post-volcanic crustal deformation. Because zeolites that characterize the individual zones display different ion-exchange selectivities for various cations, reactions between groundwaters and zeolites in basaltic aquifers can result in depth-controlled zones where individual elements are concentrated in the crust. This is established for Sr, which is concentrated by at least an order of magnitude in heulandite, resulting in an overall Sr enrichment of lavas in the heulandite-stilbite zeolite zone.     

兴蒙造山带东段大陆弧后A型花岗岩特征与成因

提要：兴蒙造山带贺根山－黑河一线产出有大量晚古生代Ａ型花岗岩,其成因及形成环境一直存在争议。贺根山-黑河A型花岗岩带形成于晚石炭世-二叠纪（325～260Ma）,二叠纪进入岩浆作用高峰期。该花岗岩带主要表现为准铝质-弱过铝质（A/CNK=0.89～1.13）高钾钙碱性系列;高度富集LREE,Eu负异常明显;微量元素表现为富集Th、Pb和La元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Ce、P和Ti元素。研究表明晚石炭世—二叠纪古亚洲洋正处于向西伯利亚板块俯冲阶段,贺根山-黑河Ａ型花岗岩带应该形成于该俯冲带的弧后伸展环境。俯冲导致的软流圈上涌形成弧后的伸展环境,同时为大规模高温岩浆形成提供了热源,以及部分物源,这种壳－幔混合岩浆在深部结晶分异后沿弧后伸展断裂体系快速侵位是该花岗岩带形成的原因。     

Tectonic evolution of the Montagne Noire (french Massif Central): a model of extensional gneiss dome

Abstract

The tertonic interpretation of the Montagne Noire Gneiss Dome (southern French II Massif (Central) has been controversial for a long time. Several models have been proposed : diapirie uplift, wreneching and diapirism, compressive anticline, and metamorphie core complex. Evidence for extensional tectonics in the French Varisean Belt favours the latter interpretation. Strain and metamorphism patterns in the eastern part of the Montagne Noire result from two successive extensional deformations during Late Carboniferous to Permian times. The occurrence of a major detachment zone along the northern edge of the Montagne Noire Gneiss Dome as well the presence of sedimentary) basias to the north point to the asymmetry) of the Stephanian-Permian extensional system. We propose a new model of gneiss dome involving isostatie uprising and consecutive tectonic denudation of the duetile lower crust. This process results in asymmetrical extensional systems characterized by roll-under folding of the footwall and development of basins in the hangingwall as in the Montagne Noire. The model is finally discussed in comparison to previous interpretations.     

Le bassin stéphanien des Cévennes (Massif Central) : un exemple de relation entre sédimentation et tectonique extensive tardi-orogénique dans la chaîne varisque

Résumé

La nature syn-sédimentaire des failles bordières du bassin houiller stéphanien des Cévennes est mise en évidence par la distribution des dépôts conglomératiques et gréseux de cône alluvial au pied des paléoreliefs de socle. Elle est également attestée par les fortes variations d’épaisseur caractérisant les niveaux gréseux, silteux et de charbon se distribuant au centre des sous-bassins ainsi que par les directions centripètes d’apport sédimentaire.

A l’échelle du bassin, la nature extensive de la structuration syn-sédimentaire est mise en évidence par des failles normales d’orientation NW-SE, NE-SW et NNW-SSE, à fort pendage, structurant les sous-bassins en demi-graben à géométrie synclinale ou à configuration divergente. Dans le secteur SE du bassin de la Grand’Combe, les structures syn-sédimentaires extensives coexistent avec des plis précoces reliés à un décollement généralisé au niveau des couches de charbon « Sans Nom ».

L’intégration des données structurales et microtectoniques collectées dans les dépôts stéphaniens et dans le socle montre que la structuration syn-sédimentaire extensive du bassin stéphanien est associée au cours du temps à une rotation progressive antihoraire de la direction d’extension principale successivement NE-SW à NW-SE.

L’ensemble des données tectono-sédimentaires nous permet de proposer une nouvelle interprétation du bassin stéphanien des Cévennes dans le cadre de la tectonique extensive tardi- orogénique de la chaîne varisque. Cette interprétation est illustrée par un modèle de bassin extensif intégrant une structuration générale en demi-graben et une tectonique gravitaire locale. La tectonique gravitaire s’exprime par la mise en place de décollements superficiels en liaison avec la surrection du horst dissymétrique du Rouvergue, en position axiale dans le bassin.     

Upper crust “boudinage” during post-collisional Miocene extension in Tuscany: Insights from the southern part of the Larderello geothermal area (Northern Apennines,Italy)

A geological study carried out in the southern part of the Larderello geothermal area (Northern Apennines) provides new information on the development mechanism and timing of the earlier extensional structures that formed during the Miocene post-collisional tectonics which affected the orogen. Staircase low-angle normal faults (LANFs) affected a multilayered thickened upper crust after the collisional stage, producing the lateral segmentation of the Tuscan Nappe, the deeper non-metamorphic tectonic unit of the Northern Apennines in the Tuscan area. The tectonic history recorded in two Tuscan Nappe discontinuous bodies revealed that the LANFs took place during the Middle–Late Miocene, displacing collisional structures developed from the Late Oligocene. These Tuscan Nappe bodies are delimited by detachment faults located at the base, within the Tuscan evaporites, and at the top within the Ligurian Units. Their western and eastern margins coincide with east-dipping ramps. These structures and the Tuscan Nappe bodies were later dissected by Pliocene–Quaternary high-angle normal faults. The reconstructed deformation history implies that the Tuscan Nappe bodies are extensional horses developed through an earlier asymmetrical east-dipping extensional duplex system, involved in block faulting during the later, Pliocene-Quaternary, stage of extension.