THE EFFECTS OF GENERAL CIRCULATION ANOMALIES ON PRECIPITATION IN THE RAINING SEASON OF SHANDONG

1 INTRODUCTION Locating in mid-latitude East Asia monsoon region, the Shandong province is marked by significant monsoon climate. Precipitation in summer (from June to August) takes up about 60% of the annual total[1] and drought and flood damages take place frequently. The province is in a zone where the northern and southern climates change into each other for it is between two plains, the North China Plain and Chang Jiang R (the Yangtze).-Huai He R. Plain. Droughts and floods in …     

基于“H-E-V”框架的城市洪涝风险评估研究进展

在全球气候变化与城市扩张的背景下,城市洪涝问题频发并引发严重的社会问题与经济损失。当前城市洪涝管理的主要内容已从工程性防御性措施转向洪涝风险管理,而城市洪涝风险评估又是城市洪涝管理的关键环节。基于此背景,论文首先介绍了IPCC采纳的城市洪涝风险评估框架“危险性(Hazard)—暴露性(Exposure)—脆弱性(Vulnerability)”即“H-E-V”的概念内涵,在此基础上梳理了其危险性、暴露性、脆弱性3大要素的主要研究内容,探讨分析不同研究方法的优缺点。最后提出了城市洪涝风险评估的主要发展趋势及关键问题,主要有以下4个方面：①危险性方面,建立适应于城市地区的耦合型二维洪涝淹没模型是洪涝风险评估要求下的必然趋势;②暴露性分析在大数据及GIS技术支撑下正逐步精细化、动态化;③脆弱性正从早期侧重的物理维度定量评估转向社会、经济、文化、环境等多维度的评估;④此外,气候变化与城市扩张下的多情景城市洪涝风险评估是未来城市洪涝管理的研究热点与难题。     

Analysis on the Spatio-temporal Patterns of Water Conservation Services in Beijing

The shortage of water resources is a key factor limiting the sustainable development of the economy and society in Beijing. This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of Beijing’s water conservation services (WCS) based on the water balance equation at multiple scales, including city, main functional areas and key districts and counties, determined the differences in the water conservation amount among different land cover types and investigated the reasons for the spatiotemporal differences in the water conservation amount. The results indicated that: (1) compared to 2005, water conservation amount increased substantially in 2010. However, the overall water conservation capacity was low. (2) Among the various land cover types in Beijing, the average water conservation capacity decreased in the following order: wetland, forest, grassland, cropland, bare land and artificial surface. (3) The average water conservation amount in the main functional areas of Beijing varied substantially and was positive only in the ecological conservation area (ECA). (4) The water conservation capacity of each district and county varied substantially within ECA, among which the contribution of the forest in Miyun District, Huairou District and Pinggu District was the highest. The changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of Beijing’s WCS were the synthetic effects of changes in the land covers and meteorological conditions. This study is helpful in achieving the sustainable utilization of water resources in Beijing.     

Identifying American Beer Geographies: A Multiscale Core-Cluster Analysis of U.S. Breweries

The recent growth in the U.S. brewing industry is remarkable, and the prevailing number of breweries has not been seen since the late nineteenth century. Several studies have shown that beer-producing facilities are spatially uneven across the United States. These previous studies used spatial units, however, such as metropolitan statistical areas, that might bias conclusions. Using a multiscale core-cluster approach, we explicitly identify where significant agglomerations of brewers are located. Our approach offers two refinements to standard cluster detection methods. First, instead of using fixed spatial boundaries, our method allows us to measure the concentration of brewery point locations across a spectrum of spatial scales. Additionally, our approach enables us to account for important underlying factors that influence the location of beer production. We use point data for all U.S. breweries in 2014. Our results show that the localization of beer production is significant and strongest at small spatial scales and diminishes rapidly with increasing distance, after controlling for population. We map the results to show the spatial variation in brewery agglomeration across the United States.     

Exploring the Potential of Mapping Cropping Patterns on Smallholder Scale Croplands Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data

It is of paramount importance to have sustainable agriculture since agriculture is the backbone of many nations’ economic development. Majority of agricultural professionals rarely capture the cropping patterns necessary to promote Good Agricultural Practises.Objective of this research is to explore the potential of mapping cropping patterns occurring on different field parcels on small-scale farmlands in Zimbabwe. The first study location under investigation are the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) research station and a few neighboring fields, the second is Middle Sabi Estate. Fourier time series modeling was implemented to determine the trends befalling on the two study sites. Results reveal that Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar(SAR) time series allow detection of subtle changes that occur to the crops and fields respectively, hence can be utilized to detect cropping patterns on small-scale farmlands. Discrimination of the main crops(maize and soybean) grown at CIMMYT was possible, and crop rotation was synthesized where sowing starts in November. A single cropping of early and late crops was observed, there were no winter crops planted during the investigation period. At Middle Sabi Estate, single cropping on perennial sugarcane fields and triple cropping of fields growing leafy vegetables, tomatoes and onions were observed. Classification of stacked images was used to derive the crop rotation maps representing what is practised at the farming lands. Random forest classification of the multi-temporal image stacks achieved overall accuracies of 99% and 95% on the respective study sites. In conclusion, Sentinel-1 time series can be implemented effectively to map the cropping patterns and crop rotations occurring on small-scale farming land. We recommend the use of Sentinel-1 SAR multi-temporal data to spatially explicitly map cropping patterns of single-, double-and triple-cropping systems on both small-scale and large-scale farming areas to ensure food security.     

湖南省不同云状态的时空特征分析

云的存在使得遥感对地观测地表信息受损或缺失,特定区域的云状态时空分布特征有助于提升遥感数据云噪声去除的针对性和准确性。本文采用2001-2017年湖南省MOD09A1地表反射率产品像素级产品质量数据集,逐像素解析并提取云状态信息,利用地统计学方法和空间分析方法等,从云状态空间分布概率、云状态季节分布概率、云状态持续时长和云干扰率 4个方面分析了湖南省晴朗无云、云污染和云混合3种云状态时空分布特征。研究结果表明：① 湖南省整体受云影响较为严重,不同云状态空间分布呈现较为明显的差异性,云污染状态主要分布在湘西、湘南山区,云混合状态主要分布在湘北、湘中、湘南连接的地势相对平缓的平原、丘陵地区;② 云污染状态在云影响中起主导作用,其主要分布在1-2月、11-12月以及5月下旬-7月上旬之间,云混合状态平均出现概率全年维持在10%左右,在6-10月增加至18%左右;③ 云状态持续时长为8、16 d是受云影响的主要情形;④ 随着合成窗口的增加,云干扰率迅速下降,采用月合成（4期）后,可以忽略云的影响;⑤ 云状态数据经主成分变换后,前2个主分量可表征不同云状态空间分布模式,全省可划分为4个具有显著云状态特征的区域;⑥ 不同云状态与高程变化具有显著的关系模型,除云污染状态外,均与高程呈负相关关系。本研究可为湖南省遥感数据选择、云去除方法选择、植被指数时间序列重构等提供技术支撑。     

新疆地区鸟类和哺乳动物丰富度与环境因子的空间格局与关系

干旱区生态系统极易受到气候及土地利用变化的影响,其生物多样性格局及其形成机制是重要的生态学问题。基于新疆地区鸟类及哺乳动物物种多样性数据,结合气候、地形和长时间序列的植被遥感参数产品FAPAR数据等,主要在不同的土地利用类型及海拔带上采用单因子相关分析方法探讨了物种丰富度格局的形成机制。总体来说,不同生境类型中,植被遥感参数因子(DHI、NDVI等)与两种类群物种丰富度分布的相关性强于与气候因子(温度、降水)的相关性。具体而言,植被遥感参数因子中,基于FAPAR的生境指数因子与丰富度的相关性大于基于植被指数的因子(DHI_cumNDVI_cumEVI_cum);气候因子中,在草地生境或者较低的海拔上,年均降水因子对于丰富度分布的解释力强于年均温度因子。这表明在新疆地区,影响鸟类与哺乳类动物物种丰富度分布的主导理论是生境异质性假说与环境稳定性假说,其解释力在多种生境内均强于生产力与环境热量。     

Spatial variations of tidal water level and their impact on the exposure patterns of tidal land on the central Jiangsu coast

The exposed area of intertidal zone varies with tidal water level changes. If intercomparisons of satellite images are adopted as a method to determine geomorphological changes of the intertidal zone in response to accretion or erosion processes, then the e?ect of water level variations must be evaluated. In this study, two Landsat TM images overpassing the central Jiangsu coastal waters on 2 January and 7 March 2002, respectively, were treated by the changing detection analysis using Image Di?erencing and Post-classiˉcation Comparison. The simultaneous tide level data from four tide gauge stations along the coast were used for displaying the spatial variations of water levels and determining the elevations of waterlines. The results show that the spatial variations of water levels are highly signiˉcant in the central Jiangsu coastal waters. The huge di?erences of tidal land exposure patterns between the two imaging times are related mainly to the spatial variations of tidal water levels, which are controlled by the di?erences in tidal phases for di?erent imaging times and the spatial variations of water level over the study area at each imaging time. Under complex tidal conditions, e.g., those of the central Jiangsu coastal waters, the tide-surge model should be used to eliminate e?ectively the e?ects of water level variations on remote sensing interpretation of geomorphological changes in the intertidal zone.     

中国明对虾T7噬菌体展示文库的构建与免疫相关基因的淘选

利用淘选噬菌体展示文库的方法,获取中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的免疫相关基因.首先用中国明对虾的血细胞mRNA构建了其T7噬菌体展示文库,文库滴度达到1.1×1011pfu/cm3,然后用不同的配体(脂多糖/几丁质/不同的细菌)进行文库淘选.淘选3轮后随机挑取数个噬菌斑,用T7 select 10-3b载体引物扩增插入片段,将不同长度的片段克隆入pMD 18-T载体后进行测序.把基因序列在GenBank数据库进行BLAST搜索比对,同时在ExPASy进行编码蛋白质的结构和性质的预测.经不同配体淘选,获得了16个基因片段,其中围食膜蛋白、蛋白质精氨酸N端转甲基酶、血小板反应素、RNA结合蛋白、核自身免疫精蛋白等基因,首次在中国明对虾中发现.