天然气水合物研究现状与展望

自20世纪90年代以来,世界各国对潜力巨大的新型能源———天然气水合物的研究做了大量的投入,已经取得了重大进展。本文在阐述国外天然气水合物的研究现状的同时,重点介绍了我国在天然气水合物勘探开发和实验模拟方面取得的一些进展,并展望其在能源、环境和其它研究领域的发展前景。     

流动环境中二维铅垂纯射流的试验研究

对均匀流动环境中的铅直二维射流进行了试验研究,得到了流动转变的条件.采用超声多普勒流速仪(ADV)对射流流场进行了测量,得到了流速矢量图和流线图,发现在射流的迎流面存在流线跌落现象.探讨了流速比对射流背流面涡心和分离点位置的影响.给出低流速比为8的射流流场的实测结果,以供数值模拟对比使用.     

Observing artificially induced strain: implications for subglacial deformation

By analysing a series of four successive thin‐sections from a ceramic clay that was subjected to uniaxial compression, we were able to monitor the development of microstructures in a fine‐grained sediment. The artificially induced microstructures, such as unidirectional clay reorientations and linear and circular grain arrangements, are identical to features that have been observed in thin‐sections of subglacially deformed tills, and therefore may be used as representative analogues. We argue that the structures, reflecting slip, planar shear displacements as well as rotational movements, can be explained by assuming a Coulomb‐plastic response to imposed shear. We conclude that sediments subjected to subglacial deformation behave as Coulomb materials, at least during the final stages of the deformation. The present study bridges the gap between field studies, experimental studies and theoretical modelling. The microscopic observations assist in visualising inferred subglacial processes and facilitate up‐ and downscaling between diverse methodological approaches. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宜兴抽水蓄能电站试验洞的反分析研究

结合江苏宜兴抽水蓄能电站地下厂房试验洞量测资料的分析,研究了成层各向异性岩体中洞室工程问题的反分析方法。采用分层均质模型进行反分析计算。计算区域的各层岩层均被分别视为均质各向同性体,初始地应力假设呈线性分布。有限元分析中,对倾斜成层的岩层、软弱夹层及断层节理等分别划分了单元,据以模拟成层岩体的各向异性特征。为使计算过程简化,对离洞室较远的岩层拟按地质资料对材料特性参数赋值,反分析计算的目标未知数为初始地应力和试验洞相邻围岩的弹性模量。结果表明,与工程实践符合较好。     

软粘土层上的油罐差异沉降

根据某一大型油罐软基加固处理工程方案设计和优选需要,按照离心模型相似律,开展了三组模型试验,分别模拟了天然地基、土工合成材料袋装碎石垫层和既在填土层中设置袋装碎石垫层又在淤泥质粘土层设置土工合成材料排水板三种情况,以研究这一加固布置形式对减小高压缩性软土层地基上油罐罐底的差异沉降效果反应。模型油罐地基采用原型土重塑制备,现场土工合成材料袋装碎石采用柔性机织玻璃纤维细管塞装粗砂条模拟,并在不停机运转条件下模拟了多次充放水预压加载。试验结果表明,油罐软弱地基经土工合成材料袋装碎石加固后,罐底总沉降值和差异沉降值均明显小于天然地基情形下对应的沉降值,罐底畸变得到显著减小,就本文所述的土质条件、土层厚度和预压荷载强度,地基经加固处理后,油罐罐底畸变减小了近50 %。最后就土工合成材料在加固油罐地基布置形式的合理性进行了初步探讨。     

真空-堆载联合预压处理软基效果的室内试验研究

对甬-台-温高速公路采用真空-堆载联合预压处理软基前后的土样进行了室内试验分析,得出了合理的试验结论,即土的物理性质指标分别得到不同程度的降低,强度指标得到较大的提高。     

实验速度场测量技术及对流边界层特征研究

在对流槽中对对流边界层(CBL)温度场实验研究的基础上,进一步尝试通过实验技术测量速度场并分析研究CBL中的速度场特征。在应用PIV测量技术时选用铝粉作示踪粒子。实验证明了在混合层中速度分布明显具有对流边界层热泡特性;混合层顶部的速度分布很好地反应出夹卷层的结构特征;湍流速度特征量的垂直分布合理,与野外实测结果和类似的对流槽实验结果接近;误差分析表明示踪粒子的跟随性良好,粒子速度的测量结果能真实地反应流体的运动特征,从而得证了分析结果的可靠性。     

前驱地震波的试验研究及波谱分析

研究了含预置裂纹的有机玻璃试样在加载实验过程中，大破裂之前出现的长周期、小振幅低频事件，并与大地震前可能出现的同类现象（即前驱地震波）进行了对比研究，根据波形记录和频谱分析得出：前驱地震波是地壳介质的长周期波动，是一种客观存在的前兆特征，具有短临前兆意义。     

卫星遥感敦煌地区地表特征参数研究

卫星遥感在研究沙漠化地区非均匀地表特征参数时有其独到的作用。本文提出了一个基于Landsat-7 TM资料推算沙漠化地区地表特征参数的方案，并把其用于中国西北地区“我国重大气候和天气灾害形成及预测理论的研究”的敦煌试验区，并且利用3个景Landsat-7 TM资料进行了分析研究，得到了一些有关沙漠化地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数(地表反射率、地表温度、修正的土壤调整植被指数MSAVI和植被覆盖度)的新概念。     

A Laboratory Model for the Flow in Urban Street Canyons Induced by Bottom Heating

Water tank experiments are carried out to investigate the convection flow induced by bottom heating and the effects of the ambient wind on the flow in non-symmetrical urban street canyons based on the PIV (Particle Image Visualization) technique. Fluid experiments show that with calm ambient wind,the flows in the street canyon are completely driven by thermal force, and the convection can reach the upper atmosphere of the street canyon. Horizontal and vertical motions also appear above the roofs of the buildings. These are the conditions which favor the exchange of momentum and air mass between the street canyon and its environment. More than two vortices are induced by the convection, and the complex circulation pattern will vary with time in a wider street canyon. However， in a narrow street canyon， just one vortex appears. With a light ambient wind, the bottom heating and the associated convection result in just one main vortex. As the ambient wind speed increases, the vortex becomes more organized and its center shifts closer to the leeward building.