贵州省旦坪铝土矿钻探施工工艺

贵州正安旦坪铝土矿项目地层岩石破碎,岩溶发育,钻探施工中遇掉块卡钻、套管难以起拔以及溶洞发育等难题。通过优化钻孔结构、合理选择钻进参数,采用跟管钻进配合绳索取心工艺,有效解决了溶洞堆积层的护壁难题,大大提高了溶塌堆积层成孔率。采用聚合物凝胶护壁堵漏减少了破碎地层掉块卡钻事故的发生。反丝套管的使用,减轻了坍塌地层丢套管的风险,提高了钻进效率,节约了钻探成本。采用长套管穿越溶洞,降低了报废工作量,提高了工作进度。物探瞬变电磁法的应用查明了岩溶的空间分布情况,降低了钻遇大溶洞的风险。通过一系列技术措施的实施,如期完成了目标任务。本文对该矿区的施工经验进行了总结,以期为同类钻探施工起到借鉴作用。     

自动电位滴定仪应用于地下水六项指标的连续滴定

地下水中六项指标(pH、总碱度、氯离子、钙离子、镁离子及硫酸根)的分析需要对每个指标单独进行取样检测,步骤繁琐且效率较低。同时总碱度、氯离子、钙离子、镁离子及硫酸根通常采用手动目视滴定,检测结果存在人为操作误差,精密度和准确度相对较差。本文建立了准确快速测定地下水中六项指标的分析方法,只需2次取样,采用自动电位滴定仪自动判定终点,加液器可精确控制标准溶液加入量至0. 1μL,并且通过调整检测顺序、溶液酸度和加入掩蔽剂的方法消除相互干扰。本方法的加标回收率为93. 5%～120. 0%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为0. 18%～11. 33%。电位滴定法得到的数据相比标准方法的平行性更好,尤其是当所测定水样较为浑浊或者有颜色时测定数据更稳定。     

膨胀土的强度与含水量的关系

膨胀土的强度与含水量密切相关。针对这问题进行了相应的试验研究。结果表明,膨胀土的含水量对其峰值强度、稳态强度都有着强烈影响,这对工程设计和工程安全检测非常重要。     

消石灰对膨胀土团粒化作用的研究

用消石灰作为外掺剂,进行了两种不同的膨胀土的对比试验。研究了不同灰剂量和龄期对膨胀土“团粒化”作用效果的影响。对于消石灰改性膨胀土而言,不同性质膨胀土界限含水率的改性效果不尽相同。强膨胀土的改性效果相对较为明显,而弱膨胀土的改性效果相对较差,其改性效果存在一个下限。在膨胀土路基的施工中,二次掺灰工艺的闷料周期可以相对缩短。这样不仅有利于加快施工进度,同时对提高石灰改良土碾压质量和加固效果十分有利。     

固化剂对软土强度影响的试验研究

不同固化剂对软土的加固效果有一定差异,且固化土的强度特性愈来愈受到重视。通过不同掺入比和不同龄期时固化土（新型固化剂#Ι）的无侧限抗压强度试验结果,分析了掺入比、龄期对固化土强度的影响。试验结果表明,固化剂#1对黏土的加固效果优于水泥,固化土的强度为水泥土的1.5～2.4倍;固化剂强度与龄期、掺入比关系密切,不同掺入比时随龄期的增长固化土强度的变化也有所不同。     

合－宁客运专线膨胀土不同高度路堤动力特性分析

通过合－宁快速客运专线膨胀土地段的现场动力试验,分析了高路堤和低路堤在模拟列车动荷载作用下的工程特性。测试结果表明,低路堤段动应力衰减系数在路基面以下相对应处与高路堤的衰减系数基本相同;低路堤和高路堤的弹性变形最大值分别为0.39 mm和0.48 mm,在允许范围之内;高路堤与低路堤的塑性变形最大值分别为0.7 mm和1.5 mm;高路堤在干态情况下动刚度系数约317 MPa,暴雨后下降到220 MPa/m;低路堤路基综合动刚度最后均为356 MN/m。改良土厚度不同造成路基的综合动刚度不同。     

物元可拓模型的改进及其在膨胀土分类中的应用

指出物元可拓模型的关联函数是一个分段函数,不便于计算,指标间的互不相容性没有得到彻底解决,影响了物元分析法的应用范围。通过构造一种新的关联函数,改进了物元可拓模型,较好地解决了指标间的互不相容性问题,又便于计算,拓宽了物元分析法的应用范围。将改进的物元可拓模型应用于膨胀土的胀缩等级分类,其合理性和有效性得到了验证。     

考虑水化状态影响的膨胀土强度特性

从膨胀土水化作用时间和温度两个影响因素出发,在室内研究了膨胀土的膨胀变形特性与强度特性。结果表明,膨胀土饱和后还会经历相当长的膨胀过程,这就使得土体的饱和强度随水化作用时间的延长而逐渐降低;膨胀土在膨胀过程 中,温度越高,土体的膨胀速率越大,土体最终的膨胀率也越大,土体的饱和强度随水化作用温度的升高而逐渐降低。饱和膨胀土的抗剪强度指标宜考虑水化作用时间和温度的影响,采用变动强度公式更为合适。     

干湿循环条件下膨胀土力学性能试验研究

对江苏222省道南徐路拓宽改造工地现场的膨胀土进行干湿循环的试验研究,包括直剪试验和无侧限抗压强度试验,分析了试验数据,从而得到膨胀土随干湿循环强度的变化规律,可为实际工程需要提供可靠的数据。     

The use of agent based modelling techniques in hydrology: determining the spatial and temporal origin of channel flow in semi‐arid catchments

Information on the spatial and temporal origin of runoff entering the channel during a storm event would be valuable in understanding the physical dynamics of catchment hydrology; this knowledge could be used to help design flood defences and diffuse pollution mitigation strategies. The majority of distributed hydrological models give information on the amount of flow leaving a catchment and the pattern of fluxes within the catchment. However, these models do not give any precise information on the origin of runoff within the catchment. The spatial and temporal distribution of runoff sources is particularly intricate in semi‐arid catchments, where there are complex interactions between runoff generation, transmission and re‐infiltration over short temporal scales. Agents are software components that are capable of moving through and responding to their local environment. In this application, the agents trace the path taken by water through the catchment. They have information on their local environment and on the basis of this information make decisions on where to move. Within a given model iteration, the agents are able to stay in the current cell, infiltrate into the soil or flow into a neighbouring cell. The information on the current state of the hydrological environment is provided by the environment generator. In this application, the Connectivity of Runoff Model (CRUM) has been used to generate the environment. CRUM is a physically based, distributed, dynamic hydrology model, which considers the hydrological processes relevant for a semi‐arid environment at the temporal scale of a single storm event. During the storm event, agents are introduced into the model across the catchment; they trace the flows of water and store information on the flow pathways. Therefore, this modelling approach is capable of giving a novel picture of the temporal and spatial dynamics of flow generation and transmission during a storm event. This is possible by extracting the pathways taken by the agents at different time slices during the storm. The agent based modelling approach has been applied to two small catchments in South East Spain. The modelling approach showed that the two catchments responded differently to the same rainfall event due to the differences in the runoff generation and overland flow connectivity between the two catchments. The model also showed that the time of travel to the nearest flow concentration is extremely important for determining the connectivity of a point in the landscape with the catchment outflow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.