Sensitivity of the Eastern Mediterranean geomorphic system towards environmental change during the Late Holocene: a chronological perspective

Alluvial and colluvial sediment deposition provide a vital record of environmental change during the Holocene. Firm chronological control on these archives is necessary to enable us to relate sediment dynamics to human activity and climate variability. In the Eastern Mediterranean, such relationships are hard to establish due to the lack of spatially well‐distributed sediment archives with good chronological control. This scarcity is problematic with respect to regional‐scale reconstructions of the temporal variation of sediment dynamics. Here, we present a radiocarbon database (n = 178) of geomorphological activity collected from multiple distinct sediment archives within the territory of Sagalassos in south‐western Turkey. The data were grouped according to their sedimentary facies for analysis using cumulative probability distributions (CPDs) and sedimentation rate (SR) modelling. Two small‐scale colluvial valleys, where chronological information was abundant, were investigated in more detail. Results show that sedimentation chronology differs between individual, nearby cores, as it depends strongly on the local geomorphic situation. A generalizing approach combining multiple core results yields more widely valid conclusions. High sedimentation rates coincided with the initial major anthropogenic disturbance of the landscape and decreased afterwards, probably due to hillslope soil depletion. CPD and SR analysis indicates that in general colluvial sedimentation rates did not change much from 2000 BC onwards. River floodplain sedimentation, in contrast, increased markedly during the first millennium BC and during recent times, and a significant time lag in enhanced sediment deposition between the upper and lower reaches of the river valleys was observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

潮白河受水区再生水入渗盐污染模拟柱试验

根据工程地质勘察及采样测试分析,选取北京市顺义潮白河再生水受水区3种典型代表性土壤介质(砾石含砂、细砂、粉质粘土)装柱,并采用受水区再生水进行淋溶模拟土柱试验。测试结果分析表明,在3种典型土壤介质中,阳离子交换吸附作用主要体现为K+与Ca²⁺之间的交换,且粉质粘土柱中阳离子的离子交换作用较砾石含砂柱和细砂柱更为显著。另外,试验结果还表明,随着土壤介质中粘粒含量、总有机碳含量、阳离子交换容量和粘土矿物总量的增加,典型介质淋溶模拟土柱试验中阳离子交换作用达到平衡时所需要的时间也就越长,分别为砾石含砂72 d、细砂80 d和粉质粘土86 d。定量结果计算也证明：粉质粘土介质的各阴、阳离子本底含量最高,单位质量粉质粘土介质硬度及溶解性总固体(TDS)的贡献量最大,分别为5 767 mg/g和6 952 mg/g。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Pb isotopic ratios in a sediment core from Shilianghe Reservoir,eastern China: Implying pollution sources

The history records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lead and its stable isotope ratios were determined in a sediment core to receive anthropogenic impacts on the Shilianghe Reservoir in eastern China. The historical changes of PAHs concentrations, PAHs fluxes, Pb/Al and Pb isotope ratios showed a synchronous trend throughout the core, suggesting changes in energy usage and correlating closely with the experience of a rapid economic and industrial development of the catchment, Linyi City in eastern China. PAHs isomer ratios results reveal PAHs in sediments are dominantly anthropogenic pyrogenic source, dominated by the combustion of coal and biomass. Furthermore, the Pb isotopic composition also clearly indicates that coal combustion dust mainly contributed to the Pb burden in the reservoir sediments. Based on mix end member model of Pb isotope ratios, coal combustion dust dominated anthropogenic Pb sources over fifty years contributing from 31% to 62% of total Pb in sediment. And the contribution of leaded gasoline was low than average 25%. In addition, a stable increase of coal combustion source was found in sediment core, while the contribution of leaded gasoline had declined in recent decades, with the phase-out of leaded gasoline in China.     

利用测井资料计算阳离子交换量Qv的方法对比

为了准确计算泥质砂岩储层的Q_v,提出了利用核磁共振测井计算Q_v的方法,通过对56块同时具有阳离子交换量和孔隙度、渗透率数据的岩心样品的分析,建立了阳离子交换量与综合物性指数的关系模型。为了解决准确而连续地计算综合物性指数的问题,提出了利用核磁共振测井横向驰豫时间几何平均值求取Swanson参数、进而利用Swanson参数获取综合物性指数的方法。同时利用核磁共振测井法、自然伽马测井相对值法、自然电位测井图版法3种计算Q_v的方法对准噶尔盆地南缘4口井资料进行了处理,并对处理结果作了对比分析。结果表明：在泥质砂岩厚层段,3种方法都可以简单而有效地计算Q_v。与岩心资料相比,核磁共振测井法计算的相对误差为13%,自然伽马测井法计算的相对误差为19%,自然电位测井法计算的相对误差为22%;在砂泥岩薄互层,用核磁共振测井法计算的Q_v比其它两种方法计算的结果更为可靠,更能反映地层的真实情况。     

Minimal alteration of montmorillonite following long-term interaction with natural alkaline groundwater: Implications for geological disposal of radioactive waste

Bentonite is one of the more safety-critical components of the engineered barrier system in the disposal concepts developed for many types of radioactive waste. Bentonite is utilised because of its favourable properties which include plasticity, swelling capacity, colloid filtration, low hydraulic conductivity, high retardation of key radionuclides and stability in geological environments of relevance to waste disposal. However, bentonite is unstable under the highly alkaline conditions induced by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC: initial porewater pH > 13) and this has driven interest in using low alkali cements (initial porewater pH9-11) as an alternative to OPC. To build a robust safety case for a repository for radioactive wastes, it is important to have supporting natural analogue data to confirm understanding of the likely long-term performance of bentonite in these lower alkali conditions. In Cyprus, the presence of natural bentonite in association with natural alkaline groundwater permits the zones of potential bentonite/alkaline water reaction to be studied as an analogy of the potential reaction between low alkali cement leachates and the bentonite buffer in the repository. Here, the results indicate that a cation diffusion front has moved some metres into the bentonite whereas the bentonite reaction front is restricted to a few millimetres into the clay. This reaction front shows minimal reaction of the bentonite (volumetrically, less than 1% of the bentonite), with production of a palygorskite secondary phase following reaction of the primary smectites over time periods of 10⁵–10⁶ years.     

Quartz-topaz-loellingite rocks near Eldorado,Victoria

Two small dykes consisting of a quartz-topaz-loellingite rock type have recently been discovered within the aplitic phase of the Pilot Range granite, near Eldorado, in NE Victoria. Minor biotite, muscovite, chlorite, kaolinite, anatase and pharmacosiderite are associated. Apart from the loellingite, the dykes are similar mineralogically to the ‘topazites’ from New England, NSW. These were considered to be magmatic in origin, based on field relationships and high homogenization temperatures for fluid inclusions in topaz (Eadington & Nashar 1978, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 67, 433–438). Although experimental evidence on F-enriched ‘granitic’ systems is inconclusive, the emplacement of the Eldorado topazite dykes most likely involved both magmatic and hydrothermal components operating essentially simultaneously. The topazite melt represented a F-rich residual granitic magma, from which aqueous alkali halide-rich solutions separated during high level intrusion. Separation of these aqueous solutions was responsible for miarolitic cavities into which topaz crystals grew. F-OH equilibration calculations for coexisting topaz-biotite pairs suggest the minerals equilibrated in the presence of hydrothermal solutions of variable composition (in terms of the HF/H₂O fugacity ratio), at temperatures around 550°C. Alteration of topaz to muscovite, the precipitation of loellingite and the formation of clay and fluorite in the cavities occurred at progressively lower temperatures. The widespread alluvial topaz in the Beechworth-Eldorado area may be derived from similar quartz-topaz dykes.     

基于涡度相关技术估算植被/大气间净CO2交换量中的不确定性

近年来，涡度相关技术的进步使陆地生态系统CO2通量的长期和连续观测成为可能。目前，涡度相关技术是全球通量观测网络（FLUXNET）测定植被/大气间CO2通量的主要技术手段，但绝大部分CO2通量观测站点都处于非典型的理想条件下，不能完全满足涡度相关技术的基本假设条件，从而导致基于涡度相关技术估算植被/大气间净生态系统CO2交换量的不确定性。系统介绍了涡度相关技术的基本假设，基本理论公式和误差的类型与特征等理论问题，重点阐述了通量测定中仪器本身的物理限制、二维和三维的气流运动、数据处理的方法和夜间通量的低估等不确定性的主要来源，并据此对通量观测研究中需要优先考虑的问题提出一些建议。研究认为数据质量控制与分析以及误差评价是不同通量站点间的结果比较和全球尺度综合分析的过程中需重点考虑的问题。     

How reliable are growth strata in interpreting short-term (10 s to 100 s ka) growth structures kinematics?

High-frequency stratigraphic cycles (10 s to 100 s ka) often show, at a specific location, an alternation of ‘dynamic’ (proximal-energetic), and ‘non-dynamic’ (distal-pelagic) processes with time. When sedimentation is syn-deformation, these processes tend respectively to fill-up tectonically-induced topography or to drape it. As a consequence, growth strata are alternatively thickened and isopach across the growth structure. High-resolution kinematic studies of growth structures (folds and faults), which assume that sedimentation always fills up topographies (‘fill-to-the-top’ model), may therefore mistake sedimentary cyclicity for tectonic cyclicity. We address this problem with one example of growth anticline in the Spanish Pyrenees, and we discuss the fill-to-the-top model. To cite this article: S. Castelltort et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

论漳州盆地的成因--是差异侵蚀盆地而非断陷盆地

依据漳州盆地及其外围诸多小盆地之盆地边界大多数与在盆地占位的花岗闪长岩体边界一致,且沉积层薄,山足面大,盆周高度主要受酸性—中酸性火山岩或超浅成酸性岩体控制,并缺乏控制盆地形成之正断层的直接地质证据,进而依据岩性差异剥蚀率,论证了漳州盆地为差异侵蚀成因,而不是断陷盆地。对该类盆地成因类型的确定,对该地区地震监测有重要意义。     

从地表能量平衡各分量特点论青藏高原多年冻土工程中的冻土保护措施

多年冻土的形成、发展和存在状态与地表能量平衡中各要素的变化特征密切相关,青藏高原地表能量平衡方程中各要素的变化具有如下特点:1)年总净辐射和年总辐射量均比较高;2)地表反照率一般较低,绝大多数下垫面类型的反照率在0.4以下;3)大部分地区地表的地气热交换总量中,蒸发耗热较小,感热交换量远大于蒸发耗热量,占辐射平衡总量的70%左右;4)目前大部分多年冻土地区的土壤热通量为正值,导致多年冻土处于退化过程中.针对高原地区辐射比较强的特点,在青藏公路五道梁北坡进行了减少沥青路面辐射增温的试验.结果表明:在沥青路面刷涂白色或浅色涂料可以有效保护沥青路面下的多年冻土,其中白色路面可以使路面下4 m处的地温降低1℃以上.