River evaporation,condensation and heat fluxes within a first‐order tributary of Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick,Canada)

Stream temperature plays an important role in many biotic and abiotic processes, as it influences many physical, chemical and biological properties in rivers. As such, a good understanding of the thermal regime of rivers is essential for effective fisheries management and the protection aquatic habitats. Moreover, a thorough understanding of underlying physical processes and river heat fluxes is essential in the development of better and more adaptive water temperature models. Very few studies have measured river evaporation and condensation and subsequently calculated corresponding heat fluxes in small tributary streams, mainly because microclimate data (data collected within the stream environment) are essential and rarely available. As such, the present study will address these issues by measuring river evaporation and condensation in tributary 1 (Trib 1, a small tributary within Catamaran Brook) using floating minipans. The latent heat flux and other important fluxes were calculated. Results showed that evaporation was low within the small Trib 1 of Catamaran Brook, less than 0.07 mm day^?1. Results showed that condensation played an important role in the latent heat flux. In fact, condensation was present during 34 of 92 days (37%) during the summer, which occurred when air temperature was greater than water temperature by 4–6 °C. Heat fluxes within this small stream showed that solar radiation dominated the heat gains and long‐wave radiation dominated the heat losses. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Hydrological Processes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不典型肝脓肿误诊为胆管细胞癌的CT动态增强表现及病理

目的:探讨不典型肝脓肿的CT动态增强表现及其病理基础,提高对肝脓肿及胆管细胞癌的鉴别诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的3例不典型肝脓肿的临床资料及CT表现。结果:不典型肝脓肿的CT表现具有多样性,CT平扫病灶呈均匀或不均匀低密度区,形态呈类圆形,边缘模糊或较清楚。增强扫描动脉期病灶呈轻度强化,门静脉期及延迟扫描病灶呈小环状、蜂窝状及不均匀强化,部分形如"花瓣状"改变,类似肝内胆管细胞癌的影像学表现。结论:螺旋CT动态多期增强扫描对鉴别肝内胆管细胞癌与不典型肝脓肿有一定价值。     

Evaluation of the Residual Mass Fractionation in High-Precision Cr Isotopic Analysis with TIMS

The Cr isotope ratios of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial materials are emerging as one of the most important tracers in geosciences. Previous studies on Cr isotopic measurements using TIMS have found that there is residual Cr isotopic fractionation between the mass-fractionation-corrected ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr and ⁵⁴Cr/⁵²Cr ratios, which may cause an offset of obtained ratios from the reference values. The residual fractionation was thought to be caused by the evaporation of Cr-oxide species during thermal ionisation, but the mechanism by which this residual fractionation could be reduced remained unclear. Here we revisit the issue of residual fractionation and propose that this problem can be alleviated by utilising W filaments instead of conventionally used Re filaments for Cr ionisation. Using W filaments, the formation of CrO⁺ was suppressed during heating as the filament temperature was ~ 100 °C lower than when Re filaments were used. In repeated measurement of a carbonaceous chondrite, the intermediate precisions of ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr and ⁵⁴Cr/⁵²Cr ratios in the W filament runs were two to three times better than those of the Re filament runs. Therefore, the new finding of this study will be of key importance for future studies of Cr isotopes for terrestrial and extra-terrestrial materials.     

昆明呈贡石灰岩上覆红黏土干缩裂隙的温度效应

温度是影响土体干缩开裂的重要外部环境因素之一。为研究温度对红黏土干缩裂隙的影响,以昆明呈贡石灰岩上覆红黏土为对象,经风干、碾碎和筛分后,选取2 mm以下的细颗粒,用正方形钢化玻璃容器制备9个厚度为10 mm的饱和泥浆样,分成3组,每组3个平行样,利用控温烘箱分别进行30℃、50℃和70℃的干燥试验,试验过程中定时称重试样和对土样表面进行拍照,然后用PCAS软件对照片进行图像处理。结果表明：红黏土的蒸发过程可分为3个阶段,干缩裂隙的形成和发展可分为5个阶段;温度升高,干燥完成时间减短,常速率阶段的蒸发速率和蒸发量增大,最终含水率降低;初始临界含水率随温度升高而增大;随着土体含水率持续减小,表面裂隙率先缓慢增加,然后快速增大,最后趋于稳定;温度升高,裂隙交点数、裂隙条数、裂隙总长度和土块数减少,裂隙平均长度、裂隙平均宽度、表面裂隙率、土块平均面积、土块最大面积、干缩厚度和干密度增大。温度显著影响红黏土的水分蒸发过程,干缩裂隙的形成和发展,以及表面裂隙结构和形态。     

黄河流域大气降水氢、氧稳定同位素时空特征及其环境意义

大气降水δ18O值的变化是一个蒸发和凝结的物理过程,与纬度、海拔、距海岸的距离、季节和降水量等因素有关,具有规律变化的特征。根据黄河流域上中下游地区取得的降水同位素数据和降水气象资料,分析了该区域降水中δ18O的时空变化特征。研究了流域上中下游降水中稳定同位素与温度和降水量的关系,揭示了流域降水中稳定同位素的变化规律。结果表明,流域上游和中下游降水中稳定同位素具有不同的季节变化特征,上游地区表现为夏季富集、冬季贫化,中游和下游则与之相反;在空间变化上,流域降水稳定同位素自上而下整体趋于逐渐贫化,波动明显,存在显著的极值区;黄河流域上、中下游具有不同的同位素过程,上游地区受海拔效应和内陆循环影响显著,而中下游则主要受季风系统和局地因素的影响。局地大气水线以及d与大气水汽压关系的分析表明,流域降水在从云层底部降落到地面的过程中,具有明显的二次蒸发现象,并伴随着同位素的分馏。     

强烈气洗作用导致原油成分变化的定量计算:以库车坳陷天然气藏为例

库车坳陷以产天然气为主,同时产出少量原油和凝析油,油气充注不同步,普遍具有"油早气晚"的特点,晚期大量天然气的侵入,必然对早期聚集的油藏发生改造作用。对气藏中原油成分变化的定量计算和讨论,可为天然气的注入强度定量评价提供直接证据。未遭受气洗的原油,正构烷烃摩尔浓度的对数与相应的碳数呈线性关系,而气洗作用可使轻组分的正构烷烃最先溶解于干气中,并随着天然气继续向前运移,原始油藏中的轻组分正构烷烃大大减少。以此为理论基础,建立了正构烷烃损失的定量计算模型。结果表明克拉2构造原油正构烷烃损失程度最高,平均可达70%左右,大北构造带原油正构烷烃损失程度差异较大,与该地区断块发育有关。气洗作用导致原油正构烷烃减少,而金刚烷、多环芳烃等在天然气中溶解度较低的化合物得以浓缩富集,相对含量大大增加。轻芳烃含量也会随之而增加,原油芳香度增加,石蜡度降低。在模拟实验基础上对气洗程度进行了定量评价,初步估算表明,克拉2构造原油遭受的气洗作用最强,是其他构造带的2～5倍。     

Neoproterozoic granites of the Lajeado intrusive suite,north-center Brazil: A late Ediacaran remelting of a Paleoproterozoic crust

In north-central Brazil, a number of granite plutons, which intrude Paleoproterozoic gneiss-granulite terrains of the Goiás Massif, crop out along a thermal axis parallel to the Transbrasiliano Lineament. Single zircon lead evaporation ages from three granitic bodies span between 552 and 545 Ma. Sm–Nd model ages (T_DM) vary between 2.1 and 1.7 Ga and negative εNd_{(0.55 Ga)} values between −10 and −13 show that Paleoproterozoic crust was involved in the genesis of these granites. These plutons, which form the Lajeado Intrusive Suite are part of an important Ediacaran magmatic event in central-northern of the Tocantins Tectonic Province, composed of metaluminous to slightly peraluminous granites with geochemical characteristics similar to A-type granites, whose crystallization occurred under low water activity during magmatic emplacement. The granitic intrusive bodies are related to a crustal extensional/transtensional tectonic event at the end of the Neoproterozoic. They may have connection with the granitic plutons of similar age (0.56–0.52 Ga) in northwestern Ceará state, on the other side of the Paleozoic Parnaíba Basin in northwest of Borborema Province, along the Transbrasiliano Lineament.     

地下水计算参数的测定与估计

叙述了浅层地下水资源评价中几个常用参数(给水度、降雨入渗补给系数和潜水蒸发系数)的测定和估计方法,并结合实例进行剖析.通过分析,得到几点新的认识:(1)给水度值同注水的方式有关,在实际情况中,由于农田表层土壤疏松,且有作物影响,因而其最大值会出现在地表附近;(2)用抽水试验法测定给水度,其值因孔而异;(3)降雨入渗补给系数与土壤结构和给水度的关系密切,一般随着埋深的增加,该系数随之减小;(4)不同季节和不同作物,潜水蒸发系数不同,表现在计算公式上的参数也不相同.     

蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究

气象要素与蒸发密切相关,通过室内外不同气象条件下的器皿水蒸发实验,获得了水面蒸发氢氧稳定同位素分馏因子与气象要素的关系。实验结果表明,随着蒸发的进行,剩余水体中逐渐富集重同位素;自由水体蒸发同位素分馏在垂线上有分层现象,表层水体同位素值比垂线平均的同位素值略富集;不同温度条件下的室内蒸发实验中,温度越高,液-气间分馏系数越小,相应于同一剩余水体体积比,剩余水体稳定同位素值则越低。室外器皿水自由蒸发实验中得出的蒸发线方程斜率较大地偏离了当地降水线,表明实验期间水体蒸发分馏作用较明显。该研究为进一步揭示水体蒸发分馏规律提供了可靠的实验依据。     

基于ET技术的水权分配

通过研究减少蒸腾蒸发（ET）,来达到“真实”节水,以馆陶县为例,通过计算馆陶县ET值,利用ET技术进行水权分配。为以后馆陶县水资源开发利用和保护提供理论数据,对水资源的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。