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931.
尽管海洋水及自生矿物相的复杂性,但我们仍发现了:1.周期表中的绝大多数元素在海洋铁锰结核氧化物中的富集程度Kp、在海水中的滞留时间τ,以及在氧化物相中的晶格能u三参数间存在非常好的相关性;2.该三参数各自随元素原子序数的增加而展示出了好的化学周期性;3.晶格能u是控制化学元素在海洋中的行为和迁移等性质的一极其重要参数. 相似文献
932.
Ana Navas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(8):709-715
In order to investigate the rate of dissolution of gypsiferous rocks under natural conditions in streams of the Ebro river basin, 55 dissolution trials were carried out with spheres of alabastrine gypsum placed in flowing water. Experimental conditions involved flow velocities between 0·3 and 1·2 m s?1, electrical conductivities between 0·3 and 1·9 dS m?1, and the saturation indices of gypsum between ?2·1 and ?0·33. Mean values of dissolution rate obtained vary from 104 to 226 gm?2 h?1. This loss of mass corresponded to a volume of gypsum of between 393 and 853mmm?2 year?1. The factors most affecting the dissolution of gypsum are in descending order of importance: flow velocity > electrical conductivity > gypsum saturation. 相似文献
933.
The aim of this study is to understand the effects of pollution of anthropogenic origin on water quality in Yalvac Basin,
part of the Egirdir Lake catchment. Surface discharge from the basin to the lake is 63 m3/year and underground discharge is 114 m3/year. Possible water pollution is categorized into domestic, industrial and agricultural origin. Domestic and industrial
wastewaters, including effluents from leather tanneries are discharged, without being purified, into Yalvac Stream, which
flows into Egirdir Lake directly or via the drainage canal. Surface waters flowing into the lake are used in winter for irrigation
of agricultural areas. In agricultural areas natural and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are used extensively. Lake Egirdir
is used as a source of drinking water. Sampling sites were established for surface and underground waters, taking into account
the known point sources of pollution. These sites were sampled in May and October of 2002, and analysed chemically. Cr3+ and Pb2+ concentrations exceed standard limits, meaning that pollution caused by effluent from the tanneries is adversely affecting
the water quality in the lake. 相似文献
934.
《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(11):897-915
Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) strongly influences the water-leaving radiance from aquatic ecosystems. In most inland waters, the remote determination of CDOM absorption presents a central challenge due to their complex optical conditions. However, identifying the temporal and spatial variability of CDOM is fundamental to the understanding of aquatic biogeochemical dynamics. In the present study, semi-analytical and empirical modeling approaches were used to examine CDOM absorption in four, shallow, inland water bodies using the spectral bands and sensitivities of major satellite observational systems. Of the models examined, an empirical multiband model was found to provide the highest correlation with measured CDOM absorption. The spectral characteristics of the MERIS sensors yielded the best results with respect to the other available satellite sensors. High detrital load was observed to be a major impediment to estimating CDOM absorption, while lakes with elevated phytoplankton biomass did not present similar problems. 相似文献
935.
Within the hydrologic balance of the River Arno catchment (northern Tuscany), the Rivers Elsa and Era are important tributaries entering the main river from the left bank in the lower part of the watershed. Waters and bed sediments were sampled in June 2000 during low discharges in the Rivers Elsa and Era, as well as in major tributary streams. Water samples were analysed for major chemistry and sulphur isotope composition of sulphate, and sediment samples were analysed for major composition and selected trace elements of environmental concern (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Ni). The main results for the waters are: (1) Na and Cl in solution show consistent downstream positive trends in the main rivers, thus supporting progressive contributions of anthropogenic salts; the highest concentration values are observed in tributaries; (2) as shown by sulphur isotopes, sulphate in solution is mainly controlled by dissolution of evaporites (Elsa basin) or oxidation of reduced organic/biogenic sulphur (Era basin), with anthropogenic contributions in most streams not higher than 10% in both the basins. A δ34S signature in the range ?2 to +3‰ is estimated for pollutant sulphate in the basins studied. The main results for the sediments are: (1) major chemistry is essentially controlled by the lithotypes drained by the waters; (2) pollution by heavy metals does not reach high levels; (3) compared with local fine‐grained rocks, copper is more frequently anomalous, whereas lead and zinc show only occasional anomalies; (4) local high concentrations of chromium and nickel can be attributed to upstream occurrences of ophiolites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
936.
Oceanographic controls on shallow‐water temperate carbonate sedimentation: Spencer Gulf,South Australia
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Laura G. O'Connell Noel P. James Mark Doubell John F. Middleton John Luick David R. Currie Yvonne Bone 《Sedimentology》2016,63(1):105-135
Spencer Gulf is a large (ca 22 000 km2), shallow (<60 m water depth) embayment with active heterozoan carbonate sedimentation. Gulf waters are metahaline (salinities 39 to 47‰) and warm‐temperate (ca 12 to ?28°C) with inverse estuarine circulation. The integrated approach of facies analysis paired with high‐resolution, monthly oceanographic data sets is used to pinpoint controls on sedimentation patterns with more confidence than heretofore possible for temperate systems. Biofragments – mainly bivalves, benthic foraminifera, bryozoans, coralline algae and echinoids – accumulate in five benthic environments: luxuriant seagrass meadows, patchy seagrass sand flats, rhodolith pavements, open gravel/sand plains and muddy seafloors. The biotic diversity of Spencer Gulf is remarkably high, considering the elevated seawater salinities. Echinoids and coralline algae (traditionally considered stenohaline organisms) are ubiquitous. Euphotic zone depth is interpreted as the primary control on environmental distribution, whereas seawater salinity, temperature, hydrodynamics and nutrient availability are viewed as secondary controls. Luxuriant seagrass meadows with carbonate muddy sands dominate brightly lit seafloors where waters have relatively low nutrient concentrations (ca 0 to 1 mg Chl‐a m?3). Low‐diversity bivalve‐dominated deposits occur in meadows with highest seawater salinities and temperatures (43 to 47‰, up to 28°C). Patchy seagrass sand flats cover less‐illuminated seafloors. Open gravel/sand plains contain coarse bivalve–bryozoan sediments, interpreted as subphotic deposits, in waters with near normal marine salinities and moderate trophic resources (0·5 to 1·6 mg Chl‐a m?3) to support diverse suspension feeders. Rhodolith pavements (coralline algal gravels) form where seagrass growth is arrested, either because of decreased water clarity due to elevated nutrients and associated phytoplankton growth (0·6 to 2 mg Chl‐a m?3), or bottom waters that are too energetic for seagrasses (currents up to 2 m sec?1). Muddy seafloors occur in low‐energy areas below the euphotic zone. The relationships between oceanographic influences and depositional patterns outlined in Spencer Gulf are valuable for environmental interpretations of other recent and ancient (particularly Neogene) high‐salinity and temperate carbonate systems worldwide. 相似文献
937.
在全球气候变化的背景条件下,中国河口海湾生态系统的研究逐渐深入和系统化,研究热点开始关注国际公约中的重要生态敏感区,大大缩短了与国际学术界同类研究的差距。以长江口为例,由于河口海湾地区处于海洋、陆地和河流生态系统相互作用的界面上,具有开放度高、敏感度高、脆弱性高和稳定性低的"三高一低"特征。针对长江口大量滩涂栖息地被围垦和侵占的现状,提出了在长江口受损湿地构建人工替代栖息地进行人工优化的途径。中国河口海湾研究不仅需要开展国际、国内交流,还要广泛争取国际组织的资助和合作,探索跨学科、跨行业、跨地区参与动态保护管理和开发利用,使以长江三角洲为代表的中国滨海河口海湾三角洲地区的保护开发和资源利用实现可持续的生态文明。 相似文献
938.
Unsaturated zone pore water has the potential to record history of recharge, palaeoenvironment, pollution movement and water-rock interaction as it percolates through and moves towards the water table. In this study, two 6-m cores from the Badain Jaran desert (NW China) were collected to explore this potential using directly extracted moisture. Pore waters in these unsaturated zone sediments (1–5% moisture by wet weight) were directly extracted using immiscible liquid displacement and then analysed for major anions, cations and trace elements. Results show enrichment in pore water chemistry in the top 1–2 m where strong temperature and moisture fluxes occur. The enrichment in cations relative to chloride is primarily due to silicate mineral dissolution during infiltration. High nitrate and low iron concentrations indicate the overall oxidizing environment, which allows the mobility of oxyanions, such as uranium, arsenic and chromium. The trace elements show enrichment in the upper zone of fluctuation where chemical gradients are strong, but with lesser reaction lower in the profile. The calculated groundwater recharge rates using the chloride mass balance are negligible in this arid region between 1.5 and 3.0 mm/year. The modern rainfall infiltration signature contrasts with that of the underlying groundwater body, which has a distant, regional recharge signature.This reconnaissance study demonstrates the potential for a new geochemical approach to studying geochemical processes in the unsaturated sediments in semi-arid environments due to both natural and human influences. The use of directly extracted water, rather than extraction by dilution (elutriation), facilitates an improved understanding of hydrological and geochemical processes in the unsaturated zone and into the capillary fringe at the water table, because it avoids potential chemical changes induced during elutriation. 相似文献
939.
2014年夏季长江口有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分布、光学特性及其来源探究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过测定有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的吸收光谱、荧光光谱、溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度,探究了2014年夏季长江口CDOM的来源及河口混合行为。结合吸收系数a(355)、光谱斜率S275-295、比紫外吸光度SUVA254与盐度的关系,结果表明南港水道受黄浦江输入影响显著,北港水道由长江径流控制呈保守性混合行为,二者CDOM的物质结构性质较为相似。DOC的浓度可通过a(275)与a(295)模拟估算:ln[DOC]=4.94–0.87ln[a(275)]+0.90ln[a(295)],a(275)8.0 m–1;ln[DOC]=4.77–6.79ln[a(275)]+8.05ln[a(295)],a(275)≥8.0 m–1。模拟结果表明,在长江口及邻近海域,CDOM对DOC具有示踪意义。利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)技术,可得到夏季长江口FDOM含有3个类腐殖质组分(C2,C4和C5)和3个类蛋白质组分(C1,C3和C6)。类腐殖质组分具有相似的来源及地球化学行为,且与a(355)及盐度存在显著相关性;类蛋白质组分则与a(355)及盐度之间无显著相关性,揭示其与区域内微生物的活动有关。 相似文献
940.
中国近海温带气旋的时空变化特征 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
基于1979-2012年共34年的ECMWF逐日4次平均海平面气压的再分析资料,采用英国雷丁大学气旋客观追踪算法,对出现在我国近海的温带气旋(气旋生命史1d以上,移动距离大于500km)的时空分布特征进行统计分析。结论包括以下几点:(1)1979-2012年进入中国近海的温带气旋平均每年45个,气旋数量呈现春夏多而秋冬少的特点。20世纪90年代初至今,气旋数量呈增加趋势,其中北部海区气旋数量增加达到显著水平,东部海区气旋数量表现为不显著减少,故认为影响中国近海的气旋路径有北移的趋势。(2)进入我国近海的温带气旋主要有4个生成源地,按比例由高到低分别是江淮气旋(38.9%),东海气旋(25.2%),黄河气旋(24.3%)以及蒙古气旋(11.6%)。气旋入海后,当大气海洋条件适合时,可以爆发性增长,气旋爆发性增长的主要区域在朝鲜半岛及以东洋面以及日本以东洋面,在我国近海气旋爆发的比例较小。(3)气旋生命史主要为1~7d,但生命史为1~4d的气旋比例最大,平均占气旋总数的52%,其中夏季长生命史气旋(大于10d)的比例最大,为8%,冬季最少,接近3%。冬季气旋最强,气压分布区间大;夏季弱气旋多,中心气压分布集中。 相似文献