三种养殖模式下日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)养成品血清生化指标和脏器消化酶、抗氧化酶活力的差异

随机选取池塘专养(M1)、日本沼虾套养(M2)以及水库放养(M3)三种养殖模式养成的肛长(25.91±3.26)cm的日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)作为研究材料,采用生物化学方法测定并比较了不同养殖模式日本鳗鲡养成品血清生化指标和脏器消化酶与抗氧化酶活力。结果表明:(1)在所测16项血清生化指标中,三者间均无显著差异的为TP、ALB、GLB、ALT和CHE(P>0.05),均具显著差异的为CK、CREA和α-HBDH,它们的测定值依次呈M3>M2>M1(P<0.05)、M3>M1>M2(P<0.05)和M2>M1>M3(P<0.05);(2)所测消化酶中,三者均具显著差异的为肝脏蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、肝脂肪酶及胰腺脂肪酶,它们的测定值均呈M1>M2>M3(P<0.05);(3)所测抗氧化酶中,三者间均无显著差异的为心脏SOD、CAT、POD和肝脏CAT活力(P>0.05),均具显著差异的仅为肝脏POD活力,其测定值呈M1>M3>M2(P<0.05)。     

中国海洋微塑料污染的研究现状与展望

塑料垃圾通过各种途径进入海洋,海洋塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题。本文系统总结了国内外塑料污染的研究历程与现状,发现直接或者间接来源的微塑料在环境中广泛积累,呈全球化分布趋势;重点探讨了我国微塑料的来源、分布以及污染形势和生态影响,发现我国微塑料污染形势严峻,覆盖范围广泛,甚至涉及食品安全领域。塑料的生物降解是受到高度关注的研究领域,本文通过对微塑料的生物降解途径的归纳,总结了塑料降解的过程、生物种类以及相关的降解酶等,以期为海洋微塑料污染的治理提供启示。目前微塑料污染已经引起世界各国的广泛关注,但对海洋环境中微塑料的鉴定以及污染物消除技术等研究极少,迫切需要开展相关研究工作。     

鄱阳湖苔草洲滩湿地土壤胞外酶活性和化学计量比的高程变化特征

土壤胞外酶参与土壤的生物化学过程,其活性和化学计量比能够反映土壤微生物的功能动态.然而,目前湿地生态系统中催化不同生物地球化学关键过程的土壤胞外酶的活性和化学计量比随高程的变化特征还不清楚.以鄱阳湖苔草洲滩湿地6个不同高程样带的表层土壤(0～10 cm)为研究对象,通过测定与土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关的7种水解酶的活性,分...     

Chemical versus Enzymatic Digestion of Contaminated Estuarine Sediment: Relative Importance of Iron and Manganese Oxides in Controlling Trace Metal Bioavailability

Chemical and enzymatic reagents have been employed to determine available concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in contaminated estuarine sediment. Gastric and intestinal enzymes (pepsin, pH 2, and trypsin, pH 7·6, respectively) removed significantly more metal than was water-soluble or exchangeable (by seawater or ammonium acetate), while gastro-intestinal fluid of the demersal teleost, Pleuronectes platessa L. (plaice), employed to operationally define a bioavailable fraction of contaminants, generally solubilized more metal than the model enzymes. Manganese was considerably more available than Fe under these conditions and it is suggested that the principal mechanism of contaminant release is via surface complexation and reductive solubilization of Mn oxides, a process which is enhanced under conditions of low pH. Of the chemical reagents tested, acetic acid best represents the fraction of Mn (as well as Cu and Zn) which is available under gastro-intestinal conditions, suggesting that the reducing tendency of acetate is similar to that of the ligands encountered in the natural digestive environment. Although the precise enzymatic and non-enzymatic composition of plaice gastro-intestinal fluid may be different to that encountered in more representative, filter-feeding or burrowing organisms, a general implication of this study is that contaminants associated with Mn oxides are significantly more bioavailable than those associated with Fe oxides, and that contaminant bioavailability may be largely dictated by the oxidic composition of contaminated sediment.     

氨氮胁迫对方斑东风螺六种免疫酶活性的影响

本文研究了氨氮对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)的急性毒性及不同浓度的氨氮溶液(22、47.5、102和220 mg/L)对其体内六种免疫酶过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。实验结果表明:氨氮浓度越大,其毒性作用越强,方斑东风螺死亡率越高;500mg/L氨氮处理组于24h便出现(20.3±2.1)%死亡率,并且96h后存活率降为0。而相同条件下,随试验时间的延长,方斑东风螺死亡率也越高。氨氮浓度和处理时间均对方斑东风螺免疫酶活力有显著的影响(P 0.05)。与对照组相比,处理组CAT和AKP活性均表现出"诱导-抑制"的趋势, ACP和T-SOD活性表现出"抑制-诱导"的趋势, CSH-PX活性呈现"诱导-抑制-诱导"的趋势,而氨氮对处理个体POD活性的影响整体表现为抑制作用。可见,养殖水体中的氨氮会对方斑东风螺免疫酶活性产生较大的影响。本研究从生态现象和生理指标相结合的方式阐述了氨氮对方斑东风螺个体的致毒特性,将对方斑东风螺的养殖具有实用意义,同时丰富了氨氮对贝类毒理实验免疫性能层面的基础数据,并为其他贝类氨氮胁迫实验提供参考。     

Microbial enzymatic response to catchment‐scale variations in supply of dissolved organic carbon

A suite of exoenzyme activities was assayed in three New Zealand streams draining pasture, native forest, and a pine catchment. There were differences among catchments in activity of three of the five enzymes assayed (cello‐biohydrolase, N‐acetylglucosaminidase, and dihydroxylphenylalanine oxidation). A principal components analysis (PCA) demonstrates that patterns of enzyme activity can be used to separate the three stream types. An experimental addition of algal‐leachate, leaf‐litter leachate, and high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) water from a small seep also resulted in marked shifts in epilithic enzyme activities 1 day after DOC additions. Oxidative enzymes showed a particularly strong response to additions of humic DOC. As for the field samples, a PCA showed large differences among treatments indicating that exoenzyme patterns can be used to examine which DOC sources predominate in different streams. Application of this approach to describing differences among streams will require detailed seasonal sampling together with longer‐term experiments.     

天山冻土耐冷菌的分离与产低温酶菌株的筛选

在4℃条件下,从天山乌鲁木齐河源区的多年冻土中分离到36株耐冷菌.通过进一步的形态与生理生化特性的研究,发现大多数菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌,最适生长温度在22℃左右,在37℃下不生长.这些菌株除氨苄青霉素外,对卡那霉素、四环素、和氯霉素都没有抗性.并从中筛选得到11株、3株、11株、8株在4℃下分别具有产低温蛋白酶、低温淀粉酶、低温脂酶、低温纤维素酶特性的耐冷菌.最后,对耐冷菌的环境适应性进行了初步分析.     

单环刺螠纤溶酶Ⅱ的基因克隆

单环刺螠纤溶酶(UFE)是由本实验室分离纯化出的1组包括4个分子量组分的纤溶酶,各个组分均有提高受试机体继发性纤溶活性的能力,并具有显著的抗凝活性和纤溶活性以及较好的生物安全性。根据该纤溶酶Ⅱ的N-末端氨基酸序列设计简并引物,通过3-’RACE PCR获得该组分蛋白质的部分编码序列,进一步通过5-’RACE PCR获得单环刺螠纤溶酶基因全长cDNA编码序列906 bp,其中开放阅读框795 bp。该基因全长cDNA BLASTx比对结果表明,其编码产物与丝氨酸蛋白酶家族成员具有较高的同源性,通过PROSITE的ScanProsite软件分析得出,该蛋白质含有1个trypsindomain(第32-264位),在NCBI的CDD数据库中分析结果显示该酶是1种胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶。     

Variation in metabolic enzymatic activity in white muscle and liver of blue tilapia,Oreochromis aureus,in response to long-term thermal acclimatization

The effects of rearing temperature on white muscle and hepatic phosphofructokinase(PFK),pyruvate kinase(PK),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) were examined in fingerlings of blue tilapia,O reochromis aureus. The experiment was conducted for 14 weeks at temperatures of 18,22,26,30,and 34°C. The activity of the glycolytic enzymes PFK,PK,and LDH in white muscle increased significantly with increase in water temperature. A reverse trend was observed for these enzymes in the liver,except for LDH,which behaved in the same manner as in white muscle. Cytosolic AST and ALT activity increased in both white muscle and liver in response to warm thermal acclimatization,while a reduction in mitochondrial AST and ALT activity was noticed at high temperatures in comparison with those at a lower temperature.