氨氮胁迫对刺参几种免疫酶活性的影响

以养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)为研究对象,对不同浓度的氨氮处理及病菌感染条件下刺参体腔液免疫酶的变化进行了测定.结果表明:随着氨氮处理强度的增加,刺参体腔液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)及溶菌酶(LSZ)活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而同时感染病菌的情况下,较低质量浓度的氨氮胁迫可使SOD、GPx、ALP及LSZ活性上升,但在较高浓度氨氮处理时,酶活性的诱导则受到抑制.说明适宜浓度的氨氮处理可增强刺参的免疫力,从而减轻病菌感染对刺参造成的免疫功能损伤和提高刺参抗病力.刺参在感染病原菌假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalte-romonas sp)的条件下,3 mg/L、4 mg/L和6 mg/L浓度的氨氮处理第6天,刺参的累积发病死亡率分别为44.4％、55.6％和72.2％,高于对照组,表明较高浓度的氨氮胁迫能够显著降低刺参的免疫力,增加对病原菌的易感性.因此,在刺参养殖过程中,氨氮浓度的调控具有重要的意义.     

南堡油田保持中深层泥页岩井壁稳定钻井液研究

在南堡油田中深层钻井过程中,东二、东三、沙一段泥页岩的剥落掉块经常造成井壁坍塌掉块、钻具阻卡、电测遇阻等井下复杂情况。分析了中深层泥页岩的理化特性,研究探讨了泥页岩的坍塌机理。在此基础上,提出了选用强封堵抑制型钻井液是有效抑制中深层泥页岩剥落掉块的根本措施。这一研究成果对于在南堡油田中深层开发工程中提高钻速、减少井下复杂情况发生具有重要意义。     

根鞘微生境对羽毛针禾沙生适应性的生态调节

羽毛针禾(Stipagrostis pennata)是古尔班通古特沙漠流动沙丘的先锋禾草和优良固沙植物,本研究从形态结构、理化特性、生物学特性等方面对其复杂的根区生境进行了分析。结果表明:①野生羽毛针禾能够形成特殊的根鞘结构(即由土壤颗粒与根表分泌物及根毛、菌丝体相互胶结、缠绕形成的特殊结构),使根区环境相对稳定;②根鞘的存在可有效扩大根系与土壤的接触面积,有利于根系-土壤信息交流及水分和养分的交换,对植物忍耐干旱逆境胁迫尤为重要;③根鞘的形成明显改善了其所在微生境的土壤条件,根鞘含水量可达外围土壤的5倍,成为潜在的水库;根鞘的形成明显改善了养分尤其是氮素累积状况,其全氮含量显著高于外围土壤,速效氮、微生物量氮含量极显著(P<0.01),高于外围土壤;根鞘微生境呈碱性,pH值略低于外围土壤;④根鞘中碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶等各类水解酶、氧化酶均极显著(P<0.01)高于根外围土壤,反映出根鞘微生物学过程较强、土壤肥力较高,可有效增加土壤有机碳氮的转化,促进根鞘微生境养分循环;⑤可培养微生物分析结果显示,细菌在根鞘微生境中占绝对优势(99.72%±0.09%);可培养微生物优势类群为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、青霉属(Penicillium)。上述微生物具有固沙、固氮、解磷、产抗生素等生态潜能,有助于改善羽毛针禾根区营养吸收,促进植株生长。因此,作为对高温、缺水恶劣环境的一种应答结构,根鞘的形成促进了植物根土界面的信息交流及水分和养分的交换,有利于植物、土壤、微生物建立互惠互利的关系,对植物忍耐干旱逆境胁迫尤为重要。     

高温后花岗岩巴西劈裂抗拉实验及超声特性研究

采用非金属超声检测分析仪和液压伺服试验系统装置,研究不同温度（25 ℃～1 000 ℃)作用后花岗岩的超声特性,分析不同温度条件下花岗岩的劈裂抗拉强度。结果表明,（1）高温后花岗岩的纵波波速、超声波形以及劈裂抗拉强度都与温度的变化密切相关;（2）随着温度的增高,花岗岩试样的纵波波速和劈裂抗拉强度逐渐减小,经历1 000 ℃高温后,纵波波速下降90%,劈裂抗拉强度下降65%,并且,纵波波速和抗拉强度间存在一定的相关性;（3）超声波波形随温度升高由整齐变混乱,由密集变稀疏,尤其在800 ℃波形变化最明显;（4）花岗岩试样的热损伤不断增加,经历1 000 ℃热损伤后,试样的脆性增加,变得轻脆易碎。     

一种砂砾岩介质岩心表征的新方法

针对纵向非均质性严重的砂砾岩油藏,基于典型的分层砂砾岩图像,在不同层位选取代表性的岩心薄片分别构建相应的三维数字岩心,采用合并法构建砂砾岩数字岩心,并提取相应的孔隙网络模型,采用常规法构建相应的砂砾岩孔隙网络模型,对常规法和合并法得到的孔隙网络模型结构特征和渗透率特征进行对比分析。分析结果表明,合并法构建的砂砾岩孔隙网络模型能够描述其孔隙结构特征,且能有效地描述出砂岩介质在横向和纵向渗透率的差异特征,可为砂砾岩油藏岩心的精确表征及渗流机制的分析提供一套有效地研究思路。     

Radar altimetry backscattering signatures at Ka,Ku, C,and S bands over West Africa

This study presents a comprehensive comparison of radar altimetry signatures at Ka-, Ku-, C-, and S-bands using SARAL, ENVISAT and Jason-2 data over the major bioclimatic zones, soil and vegetation types encountered in West-Africa, with an emphasis on the new information at Ka-band provided by the recently launched SARAL–Altika mission. Spatio-temporal variations of the radar altimetry responses were related to changes in surface roughness, land cover and soil wetness. Analysis of time series of backscattering coefficients along the West African bioclimatic gradient shows that radar echoes at nadir incidence are well correlated to soil moisture in semi-arid savannah environments. Radar altimeters are able to detect the presence of water even under a dense canopy cover at all frequencies. But only measurements at Ka-band are able to penetrate underneath the canopy of non-inundated tropical evergreen forests.     

Seismic characterization of switching platform geometries and dominant carbonate producers (Miocene,Las Negras,Spain)

The primary goals of seismic interpretation and quantification are to understand and define reservoir architecture and the distribution of petrophysical properties. Since seismic interpretation is associated with major uncertainties, outcrop analogues are used to support and improve the resulting conceptual models. In this study, the Miocene carbonates of Cerro de la Molata (Las Negras, south‐east Spain) have been selected as an outcrop analogue. The heterogeneous carbonate rocks of the Cerro de la Molata Platform were formed by a variety of carbonate‐producing factories, resulting in various platform morphologies and a wide range of physical properties. Based on textural (thin sections) and petrophysical (porosity, density, carbonate content and acoustic properties) analyses of the sediments, eleven individual facies types were determined. The data were used to produce synthetic seismic profiles of the outcrop. The profiles demonstrate that the spatial distribution of the facies and the linked petrophysical properties are of key importance in the appearance of the synthetic seismic sections. They reveal that carbonate factory and facies‐specific reflection patterns are determined by porosity contrasts, diagenetic modifications and the input of non‐carbonate sediment. The reflectors of the seismograms created with high‐frequency wavelets are coherent with the spatial distribution of the predefined facies within the depositional sequences. The synthetic seismograms resulting from convolution with lower frequency wavelets do not show these details – the major reflectors coincide with: (i) the boundary between the volcanic basement and the overlying carbonates; (ii) the platform geometries related to changes in carbonate factories, thus sequence boundaries; and (iii) diagenetic zones. Changes in seismic response related to diagenesis, switching carbonate producers and linked platform geometries are important findings that need to be considered when interpreting seismic data sets.     

冻融作用下PPF稳定土力学性能研究

为了研究冻融作用下外加材料稳定土的力学性能,以一种国产土壤固化剂（TG固化剂）加固低剂量水泥石灰稳定土为研究对象,通过冻融前后的无侧限抗压强度试验、劈裂强度试验和抗压回弹模量试验,研究不同压实度、聚丙烯纤维（PPF）掺量稳定土的力学性能。结果表明：稳定土的抗压强度、劈裂强度及回弹模量均随冻融次数的增加而降低,经历6次冻融循环后,强度、模量损失率基本稳定。冻融前后稳定土的抗压强度、劈裂强度、抗压回弹模量以及强度、模量的残留百分比均随着压实度和PPF掺量的提高而增大。结合工程实际情况,选取压实度为95%,0.2% PPF综合稳定土进行冻融试验,得到抗压强度残留比（BDR）达到59.32%,质量变化率仅为6.28%,研究表明,PPF综合稳定土具有优良的冻稳定性,可用作路面基层材料。