长春市城市土壤中重金属元素的积累及其微生物特性研究

由于人为活动的影响,长春市城市土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd已有了显著积累。在重金属的胁迫下,土壤微生物特征发生了明显变化,微生物代谢活动明显增强,但微生物生物量却有较大的降低。微生物生理生态参数土壤微生物量碳与总有机碳的比值(Cmic/Corg)和代谢商QCO2(微生物呼吸作用强度与微生物量碳的比值)变化异常。研究表明,微生物特性可作为城市土壤环境中重金属含量变异的有效指标。     

广西矿产资源潜力评价数据特征

从矿种谱系的角度研究了广西矿产资源潜力评价数据特征,初步总结了广西矿产资源潜力评价数据与资源潜力之间的相关性,提出潜力评价数据成果的转化和应用方式,满足了地勘工作对数据的需求,是当前潜力评价项目面临的主要问题。     

安徽池州马头铜钼矿控矿因素及矿床成因

安徽马头铜钼矿,位于长江中下游成矿带上,地处下扬子断裂拗陷带与皖南加里东造山带的衔接部位,矿(化)体赋存于志留系坟头组砂岩与花岗闪长斑岩的内外接触带上,钼矿脉充填于内外接触带的节理、裂隙中,铜钼品位较低.在对该矿床野外勘查的基础上,借鉴矿床专题科研综合分析成果,对该矿床的控矿因素进行了总结.该矿床花岗闪长斑岩与钼、铜成矿关系十分密切,矿体受构造控制明显,矿区主断层、次生断层是主要的导矿构造,接触带附近发育的节理裂隙是主要的容矿构造,坟头组砂岩与花岗闪长斑岩内外接触带是主要的赋矿部位.从矿床的规模、有用组分品位、与斑岩体的关系、矿石以细脉状为主的构造、围岩蚀变分带特征及成矿物质来源等方面判断,矿床为斑岩型铜钼矿床.     

苏里格气田西区地层水成因、分布规律与控制因素

苏里格气田西区气井产水严重,地层水成因、分布规律及控制因素不明确,成为制约该区致密砂岩气开发的关键科学问题.在大量测井数据、生产动态数据收集的基础上,分析了苏里格气田西部地层水性质及地球化学特征,结果发现:地层水矿化度高,整体属于盐水;水型主要为CaCl2型;pH值范围为6～6.9,呈弱酸性.分析认为:1)地层水主要为...     

细粒含量对粗粒土冻胀特性影响的试验研究

为了得到同时满足冻胀率和击实效果的最大细粒土含量,通过葡氏击实和冻胀试验,研究了不同细粒土含量、不同干密度条件下细圆砾土填料的冻胀特性。研究结果表明,9%细粒土含量下细圆砾土试样的压实效果最好;细圆砾土试样的冻结过程可以划分为快速冻结区、过渡区、似稳定区和稳定区;细粒土含量低于10%时,细圆砾土属于弱冻胀填料;同时满足冻胀率和压实效果的最大细粒土含量为9%;细粒土含量相同时,细圆砾土试样的冻胀率随干密度的增加,先增大而后减小,即存在一个最不利干密度;冻结48 h后,细圆砾土试样冻土段的含水率均大于初始含水率,其不同位置含水率分布曲线呈S型,且随着细粒土含量的增加逐渐呈现倒三角形分布;细圆砾土试样干密度的增大有效地阻断了水分迁移路径。     

陕西宝鸡市三趾马红土工程地质特性及灾害效应

陕西宝鸡市渭河北岸地区厚层黄土底部普遍存在一套三趾马红土,其物理力学特性控制着滑坡灾害的发生。通过试验分析发现：①三趾马红土粘粒含量高（一般在37%~55%之间）、蒙脱石或伊利石/蒙脱石类膨胀性粘土矿物含量大（相对含量55%~75%,绝对含量21.99%~33.98%）、有效蒙脱石含量为18.61%~27.56%,比表面积平均值为204.7m2/g,最高达262.9m2/g,属于膨胀性粘土,物理化学活性强;②三趾马红土微裂隙发育、胶结程度差、易崩解,天然状态下为坚硬粘土,饱水后呈现可塑—软塑态,具显著膨胀性;③三趾马红土的天然强度相对较高,而遇水饱和后,粘聚力和内摩擦角明显降低,峰值强度和残余剪强度降幅在47%~63％之间。因此,三趾马红土在地下水作用下强度显著降低,成为高陡斜坡中的软弱地层,形成剪切带,控制着渭北黄土塬边地区滑坡的发育与分布。     

Hydraulic properties of the crystalline basement

Hydraulic tests in boreholes, up to 4.5 km deep, drilled into continental crystalline basement revealed hydraulic conductivity (K) values that range over nine log-units from 10⁻¹³−10⁻⁴ m s⁻¹. However, K values for fractured basement to about 1 km depth are typically restricted to the range from 10⁻⁸ to 10⁻⁶ m s⁻¹. New data from an extended injection test at the KTB research site (part of the Continental Deep Drilling Program in Germany) at 4 km depth provide K=5 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. The summarized K-data show a very strong dependence on lithology and on the local deformation history of a particular area. In highly fractured regions, granite tends to be more pervious than gneiss. The fracture porosity is generally saturated with Na–Cl or Ca–Na–Cl type waters with salinities ranging from <1 to >100 g L⁻¹. The basement permeability is well within the conditions for advective fluid and heat transport. Consequently, fluid pressure is hydrostatic and a Darcy flow mechanism is possible to a great depth. Topography-related hydraulic gradients in moderately conductive basement may result in characteristic advective flow rates of up to 100 L a⁻¹ m⁻² and lead to significant advective heat and solute transfer in the upper brittle crust. An erratum to this article can be found at     

The relationship between hydrodynamic properties and weathering of soils derived from volcanic rocks,Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)

The aim of this interdisciplinary study is to examine a component of the hydrological cycle in Galapagos by characterizing soil properties. Nine soil profiles were sampled on two islands. Their physical and hydrodynamic properties were analyzed, along with their mineralogical composition. Two groups of soils were identified, with major differences between them. The first group consists of soils located in the highlands (>350 m a.s.l.), characterized by low hydraulic conductivity (<10⁻⁵ m s⁻¹) and low porosity (<25%). These soils are thick (several meters) and homogeneous without coarse components. Their clay fraction is considerable and dominated by gibbsite. The second group includes soils located in the low parts of the islands (<300 m a.s.l.). These soils are characterized by high hydraulic conductivity (>10⁻³ m s⁻¹) and high porosity (>35%). The structure of these soils is heterogeneous and includes coarse materials. The physical properties of the soils are in good agreement with the variations of the rainfall according to the elevation, which appears as the main factor controlling the soil development. The clayey alteration products constrain soils physical and hydrodynamic properties by reducing the porosity and consequently the permeability and also by increasing water retention.     

BTR-4000型地层热物性原位测试仪及其应用

地层热物性原位测试仪主要包括液路循环系统、数据采集和控制系统及电气控制系统等。利用测试仪对某热交换井进行现场测试,得到换热器进、出口循环水温度随时间逐渐趋于稳定,及换热器与周围土壤的换热量随时间基本保持恒定的相关曲线。采用线源和柱源传热模型,结合参数估计法,计算出平均热物性参数分别为：土壤热传导系数λ=2.428 W/(m·K),钻孔热阻R=0.102 (m²·K)/W,及λ=2.164 W/(m·K),R=0.086 (m²·K)/W。通过保证测试时间和准确的土壤比热容等参数,可得到准确的热物性参数,计算结果为地源热泵系统的准确设计提供了依据。     

Thermoelastic model of minerals: application to Al2O3

 A thermoelastic model for calculating the high-pressure and high-temperature properties of isotropic solids is presented by extending the formalism by Thomsen and combining the resulting one with the Vinet model for static lattice and the Debye model for lattice vibration. Applying it to polycrystalline corundum, we have shown that the calculated values of entropy and heat capacity at constant pressure are in agreement with literature values to 2325 K at zero pressure and that the calculated values of thermal expansivity agree reasonably with experimental data to 1100 K at zero pressure. The model reproduces experimental data of sound velocities v _p and v _s of compressional and shear waves to 1825 K at zero pressure and those to 62 GPa at room temperature, and it reproduces also experimental shock-wave equation of state to 150 GPa. The velocity correlation (∂ln v _s /∂ln v _p ) _S was found to have weak pressure and temperature dependences and the results under lower mantle conditions are compared with those of magnesian and calcium silicate perovskites and magnesiowüstite, and the PREM values of the Earth's lower mantle. Received: 12 February 2000 / Accepted: 15 July 2000