油、水、干层的地球化学识别

本文介绍一种判断油、水、干层的地球化学方法，根据储层样品中有机抽提的的含量和组成特征，结合油层物性，地层测试和试油资料编制织识别油、水，干层的图版，提出判别油、水、干层的地质／地球化学指标，确定油层的地球化学参数的下限，并运用此方法对松辽盆地新站油田主要油层分布段的油、水、干层进行判别。根据试油资料验证表明，地球化学判断结果比传统的地质录井及地球物理测井资料判断结果更符合实际情况。     

A Recent Full-Depth Survey of the Alaskan Stream

We examine results from a cruise in May 1997. CTD casts to near the bottom were made south of the Aleutian Islands, across Amchitka Pass, and north of the islands. We computed a westward geostrophic speed of 123 cm s^–1 at 173.5°W in the Alaskan Stream. The computed volume transport there, referred to the bottom, was 25×10⁶m³s^–1. On other similar sections, transports were 8–15 × 10⁶ m³s^–1. Various complex variations in geopotential height along the Stream apparently altered the cross-stream gradients, and hence the transports. Rotational tendencies were also present. Northward inflow through Amchitka Pass was quite strong (6 × 10⁶ m³s^–1). Data north of the islands supported the existence of a zero-velocity reference level of variable depth.     

酶解条件对条斑紫菜单细胞成活率影响的比较研究

该文分别选用不同浓度的海螺酶 ;葡萄糖、蔗糖、甘露醇、山梨醇、氯化钠 5种渗透剂 ;维生素 C和甘露醇 2种抗氧化剂 ;对条斑紫菜酶解单细胞的成活率进行了研究。实验结果表明 :用浓度为 10 %的海螺酶酶解条斑紫菜 ,成活率最高 ;选用 2 mol/ L葡萄糖作渗透剂 ,效果最好 ,成活率达85.2 % ;加入抗氧化剂对细胞成活率没有影响     

持续开挖效应下结构面剪切力学性质与能量特征研究

基于地下岩体工程开挖扰动的实际情况,开展考虑持续开挖效应,充分反映岩体结构面应力调整过程的结构面剪切试验更具理论意义和工程应用价值。采用人工劈裂方法制备岩体结构面,开展了常规应力路径和持续开挖效应下的结构面剪切试验,系统研究了两种条件下结构面剪切力学性质、声发射特征和能量的演化规律。研究结果表明：开挖扰动荷载强度越大,结构面发生剪切破坏时的剪应力降整体上越大,但持续开挖效应下的剪应力降最大值仅为常规应力路径下剪应力降的48.57%;考虑持续开挖效应的结构面剪切过程中声发射活动主要集中于结构面受剪破坏和剪应力降产生时,且声发射活动强度与开挖扰动强度正相关,声发射振铃计数变化率极值明显小于常规应力路径下的相应值;持续开挖效应下试样裂纹发育密集度、结构面磨损区域及破坏程度均随开挖扰动强度增加而增加,但试样裂纹发育的密集程度和结构面破坏程度相对常规应力路径下的情况轻;考虑持续开挖效应的结构面发生剪切破坏时弹性应变能随扰动荷载增大而增大,均低于常规应力路径条件下的弹性应变能值,持续开挖效应降低了结构面剪切破坏的强度,但更易引发结构面发生剪切破坏。     

黄河三角洲粉质土海床临界起动切应力影响因素研究

在黄河口潮滩和室内环形土槽模拟新沉积的海床土体,观测固结过程中沉积物临界起动切应力的变化及对应的土体重度、含水率、贯入阻力、剪切强度指标值的变化,分析黄河三角洲粉质类土临界起动切应力的影响因素与变化规律。研究发现：黄河三角洲粉土的临界起动切应力与重度、贯入阻力和抗剪强度之间呈正相关关系,而与含水率呈负相关关系,并且与干密度、抗剪强度之间具有非常好的定量关系。将黄河三角洲粉土临界侵蚀切应力的试验结果与其他学者建立的计算公式进行了比较,发现在固结开始试验与计算结果间的吻合性较好,随着固结时间差异性变大,表现出黄河口粉质土的独特性。     

淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸对重金属污染土工程特性的影响

以重金属铅（Pb2+）污染土和淋洗剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）为研究对象,通过批次试验研究了不同浓度EDTA的淋洗对Pb2+污染土的渗透特性、持水特性、压缩特性、抗剪强度等工程特性的影响,为淋洗修复后土壤的二次利用提供参数支持。基于矿物成分、孔隙结构等微观试验,揭示了土壤工程特性变化的内在机制。研究结果表明,当淋洗剂EDTA浓度从0增加到0.15 mol/L,经淋洗修复后的污染土壤pH值从7.94下降到5.12,渗透系数降低超过一个数量级,黏聚力降低50%以上,而内摩擦角增大,持水性能提高,孔隙比从0.81下降到了0.76。微观试验的结果表明,随着淋洗剂浓度的增大,土壤中的蒙脱石、钠长石和伊利石矿物含量减少,石英矿物含量增加,其中蒙脱石含量从7.87%下降到了0.07%,而石英矿物含量增加了11.09%;淋洗后土壤单位质量进汞量由0.22 ml/g降低到0.15 ml/g,土壤总孔隙体积减少。重金属污染土淋洗修复工程在考虑重金属去除率及经济性指标的同时,还应考虑淋洗剂对土壤工程特性的弱化。     

Effect of reclamation time and land use on soil properties in Changjiang River Estuary,China

The objective of this study is to analyze soil physical and chemical properties,soil comprehensive functions and impact factors after different years of reclamation.Based on the survey data taken from 216 soil sampling points in the Fengxian Reclamation Area of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary,China in April 2009 and remotely sensed TM data in 2006,while by virtue of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA),geo-statistical analysis (GA),prin-cipal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),it was concluded that:1) With the in-crease in reclamation time,soil moisture,soil salinity,soil electric conductivity and soil particle size tended to decline,yet soil organic matter tended to increase.Soil available phosphorous tended to increase in the early reclamation period,yet it tended to decline after about 49 years of reclamation.Soil nitrate nitrogen,soil ammonia nitrogen and pH changed slightly in different reclamation years.Soil physical and chemical properties reached a steady state after about 30 years of reclamation.2) According to the results of PCA analysis,the weighted value (0.97 in total) that represents soil nutrient factors (soil nitrate nitrogen,soil organic matter,soil available phosphorous,soil ammonia nitrogen,pH and soil particle size) were higher than the weighted value (0.48 in total) of soil limiting factors (soil salinity,soil elec-tric conductivity and soil moisture).The higher the F value is,the better the soil quality is.3) Different land use types play different roles in the soil function maturity process,with farmlands providing the best contribution.4) Soil physi-cal and chemical properties in the reclamation area were mainly influenced by reclamation time,and then by land use types.The correlation (0.1905) of the composite index of soil function (F) with reclamation time was greater than that with land use types (-0.1161).     

Numerical analysis of the effect of natural microcracks on the supercritical CO2 fracturing crack network of shale rock based on bonded particle models

The problem of predicting the geometric structure of induced fractures is highly complex and significant in the fracturing stimulation of rock reservoirs. In the traditional continuous fracturing models, the mechanical properties of reservoir rock are input as macroscopic quantities. These models neglect the microcracks and discontinuous characteristics of rock, which are important factors influencing the geometric structure of the induced fractures. In this paper, we simulate supercritical CO₂ fracturing based on the bonded particle model to investigate the effect of original natural microcracks on the induced‐fracture network distribution. The microcracks are simulated explicitly as broken bonds that form and coalesce into macroscopic fractures in the supercritical CO₂ fracturing process. A calculation method for the distribution uniformity index (DUI) is proposed. The influence of the total number and DUI of initial microcracks on the mechanical properties of the rock sample is studied. The DUI of the induced fractures of supercritical CO₂ fracturing and hydraulic fracturing for different DUIs of initial microcracks are compared, holding other conditions constant. The sensitivity of the DUI of the induced fractures to that of initial natural microcracks under different horizontal stress ratios is also probed. The numerical results indicate that the distribution of induced fractures of supercritical CO₂ fracturing is more uniform than that of common hydraulic fracturing when the horizontal stress ratio is small.     

考虑双轴水平力耦合效应的RPC箱型桥墩恢复力模型试验研究

通过3个施加常轴力的RPC箱型桥墩试件的水平反复荷载试验,考虑水平荷载作用方向对RPC箱型墩抗震性能的影响,分析各试件滞回特性和骨架曲线的特点,对影响RPC箱型桥墩恢复力模型的主要因素进行数值回归分析,建立了计入双轴水平力耦合效应的RPC箱型桥墩恢复力模型。利用基于平截面假定的纤维模型法编制考虑轴力二阶效应的双轴压弯构件非线性分析程序,并对RPC箱型桥墩试件的骨架曲线和滞回曲线进行数值模拟。通过与试验结果进行分析对比表明:所提出的恢复力模型具有较好的精确性,能够较好地模拟和反映RPC箱型桥墩的抗震性能。     

养殖大黄鱼在自然海区降温不同阶段抗氧化水平及血清酶活性的变化

为了解越冬期间水温下降对大黄鱼抗氧化水平和血清酶活性的影响, 作者研究了养殖大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)冬季海区自然降温不同阶段(20、16、12、10、8℃)肝脏和肌肉中抗氧化水平及血清酶活性的变化。结果显示: 自然降温过程中, 肝脏中3 种抗氧化酶变化趋势不同, 其中SOD 活性呈升高趋势, 8℃时SOD活性最强; POD 活性呈先升高后降低的变化趋势, 16℃时活性最高; CAT 活性呈下降趋势; 而肌肉中这3 种抗氧化酶活性均呈下降趋势。肝脏中GSH 和MDA 含量在16℃时最高; 肌肉中的3 种抗氧化酶活性、GSH 和MDA 含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均明显低于肝脏中, 反映了肝脏对清除自由基具有重要作用, 在抗氧化调节方面起到主要作用。血清酶ALT、AST、ALP、LDH 及CK-MB 随水温自然下降酶活性均呈现降低趋势, 即20℃时酶活性最强; CK 和LIP 随着水温降低, 呈先上升再下降的趋势; ADA 和GGT 随水温降低活性呈上升趋势。血清酶的不同变化, 说明水温对大黄鱼血清酶活性有一定的影响。