面临21世纪的中国地下水模拟问题

本文在扼要介绍了我国地下水模拟的发展历程和现状后,着重探讨了面向２１世纪中国地下水模拟发展中存在的几个带全局性的关键总是及对其对策;     

Comparison of daily streamflow forecasts using extreme learning machines and the random forest method

ABSTRACT

Daily streamflow forecasting is a challenging and essential task for water resource management. The main goal of this study was to compare the accuracy of five data-driven models: extreme learning machine (basic ELM), extreme learning machine with kernels (ELM-kernel), random forest (RF), back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVR). The results show that the ELM-kernel model provided a superior alternative to the other models, and the basic ELM model had the poorest performance. To further evaluate the predictive capacities of the five models, the estimations of low flow and high flow in the testing dataset were compared. The RF model was slightly superior to the other models in predicting the peak flows, and the ELM-kernel model showed the highest prediction precision of low flows. There was no single model that showed obvious advantages over the other models in this study. Therefore, further exploration is required for the hydrological forecasting problems.     

Flood simulation using different sources of rainfall in the Huong River,Vietnam / Simulation d'inondation à l'aide de différentes sources d'information pluviométrique dans le bassin de la Rivière Huong,Vietnam

Abstract

The possibility of simulating flooding in the Huong River basin, Vietnam, was examined using quantitative precipitation forecasts at regional and global scales. Raingauge and satellite products were used for observed rainfall. To make maximum use of the spatial heterogeneity of the different types of rainfall data, a distributed hydrological model was set up to represent the hydrological processes. In this way, streamflow simulated using the rainfall data was compared with that observed in situ. The forecast on a global scale showed better performance during normal flow peak simulations than during extreme events. In contrast, it was found that during an extreme flood peak, the use of regional forecasts and satellite data gives results that are in close agreement with results using raingauge data. Using the simulated overflow volumes recorded at the control point downstream, inundation areas were then estimated using topographic characteristics. This study is the first step in developing a future efficient early warning system and evacuation strategy.     

Retrospective forecasting test of a statistical physics model for earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region

Pattern informatics (PI) model is one of the recently developed predictive models of earthquake phys- ics based on the statistical mechanics of complex systems. In this paper, retrospective forecast test of the PI model was conducted for the earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region since 1988, exploring the possibility to apply this model to the estimation of time-dependent seismic hazard in continental China. Regional earthquake catalogue down to ML3.0 from 1970 to 2007 was used. The ‘target magnitude’ for the forecast test was MS5.5. Fifteen-year long ‘sliding time window’ was used in the PI calculation, with ‘anomaly training time window’ being 5 years and ‘forecast time window’ being 5 years, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test was conducted for the evaluation of the forecast result, showing that the PI forecast outperforms not only random guess but also the simple number counting approach based on the clustering hypothesis of earthquakes (the RI forecast). If the ‘forecast time window’ was shortened to 3 years and 1 year, respectively, the forecast capability of the PI model de- creased significantly, albeit outperformed random forecast. For the one year ‘forecast time window’, the PI result was almost comparable to the RI result, indicating that clustering properties play a more important role at this time scale.     

河北地区空间分布函数的地质因子和中长期预报因子的计算

利用华北平原地震带潜在震源区和河北省活动断裂资料,采用地质资料的定量化方法和中长期预报的震级-时间模型计算每个潜在震源区的地质因子和中长期预报因子.地质因子计算结果为:(1)地质因子最高的地区出现在唐山、北京、邢台、邯郸;(2)3类地区(全新世断裂活动、晚更新世断裂活动和无全新世或晚更新世断裂活动)的地质因子比值约为12∶4∶1.中长期预报因子采用邵辉成等人的研究成果,考虑历史地震和现代地震资料等不同精度的地震矩年变化率,其结果能代表长期的平均值,避免了使用部分平静期或活跃期的资料而掩盖长期地震活动的真实情况,从而减少结果的不确定性.     

鹤壁市暴雨相似预报系统

利用欧洲中心3层数值预报产品，综合运用相似系数和距离系数，研制了既反映环流形势相似又反映强度值相似的鹤壁市暴雨24h预报系统。     

The life cycle of the intense IOP‐14 storm during CASPII. Part I: Analysis and simulations

Abstract

In this study, a 5‐day life‐cycle of the IOP‐14 storm during CASP II is examined using conventional observations and numerical simulations with a mesoscale version of the Canadian Regional Finite‐Element (RFE) model. Observational analysis reveals that the IOP‐14 storm forms from a lee trough, occurring along a strong baroclinic zone with an intense frontogenetic deformation, that interacts with an upper‐level travelling short‐wave trough across the Canadian Rockies. Then the storm experiences a slow, but nearly steady, growth while traversing the North American continent. It deepens explosively as it moves into the Atlantic Ocean. It appears that i) the enhanced large‐scale baroclinicity due to land‐sea temperature contrasts, ii) the tremendous latent heat release due to the transport of high‐θ_e air from the marine boundary layer, Hi) the decrease of surface drag and iv) the favourable westward tilt of the low with an amplifying trough all contribute to the explosive deepening of the storm.

Two consecutive simulations covering a total of 102 h during the storm development are carried out with a grid size of 50 km. The RFE model reproduces very well the formation of the surface low on the lee side of the Rockies, the track and deepening rates, the explosive development and decay of the storm, and various mesoscale phenomena (e.g., a “bent‐back” warm front, a “T‐bone” thermal pattern, a cold frontal “fracture”, an upper‐level “eye” and warm‐core structures), as verified by conventional observations, satellite imagery, flight‐level and dropsonde data from a research aircraft. It is found from potential vorticity (PV) analysis that the storm reaches its peak intensity as the upper‐level dry PV anomaly, the low‐level moist PV anomaly and surface thermal warmth are vertically superposed. PV inversions reveal that these anomalies contribute about 60%, 30% and 10%, respectively, to the 900‐hPa negative height perturbation. It is shown that the warm‐core structure near the cyclone centre is produced by advection of warmer air ahead of the cold front, rather than by adiabatic warming associated with subsidence.     

Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Evaluations Using an Alternative Verification Technique

In this study, six intensity forecast guidance techniques from the East China Regional Meteorological Center are verified for the 2008 and 2009 typhoon seasons through an alternative forecast verification technique. This technique is used to verify intensity forecasts if those forecasts call for a typhoon to dissipate or if the real typhoon dissipates. Using a contingency table, skill scores, chance, and probabilities are computed. It is shown that the skill of the six tropical cyclone intensity guidance techniques was highest for the 12-h forecasts, while the lowest skill of all the six models did not occur in 72-h forecasting. For both the 2008 and 2009 seasons, the average probabilities of the forecast intensity having a small error (6 m s-1) tended to decrease steadily. Some of the intensity forecasts had small skill scores, but the associated probabilities of the forecast intensity errors > 15 m s-1 were not the highest.     

风预报的数值产品释用研究

根据地转风和偏差风原理，建立了风预报的数值产品释用方案。通过一年试验预报和３年业务预报检验，证明此方案是一个有效的实用的方案。     

赤道中东太平洋海温相似预报研究

通过寻找过程相似的有效指标 ,建立了一个适合于时间序列分析的相似预报模式。将该模式应用于 ENSO的重要指标—— NINO3区海温指数预报 ,结果表明 :海温相似预报较持续性预报在预报效果 (如误差和相关系数 )上有明显的提高 ,特别是在 6～ 8个月时效上更为突出 ;模式的有效预报时效为 8个月 ,基本上达到国际上同期的模式水平。在有效预报时效 8个月内 ,冬半年的预报相关性普遍高于夏半年 ,其中 ,1 2月份的预报相关性最高 ,而 6,7月份的预报相关性最低。对于所有时效 ,2～ 4月份的预报误差最小 ,而 1 2月份的预报误差最大。相似预报对于转折事件具有较好的预报能力 ,尤其是对于 El Nino结束和强 El Nino开始