NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC METHANE TRENDS OVER THE LAST 150 YEARS

A global two-dimensional chemistry model is developed to study long-term trends of CH_4 sinceindustrial revolution.The sources of CH_4,CO and NO_x are parameterized as functions of latitudeand time.With two long-term emission scenarios,long-term trends of CH_4 are simulated.The resultshave a good agreement with observation from ice cores.The modeled CH_4 increased from 760 ppbvin 1840 to 1611.9 ppbv in 1991, while the modeled number concentration of tropospheric OHdecreased from 7.17×10~5 cm~(-3)in 1840 to 5.79×10~5 cm~(-3) in 1991.The increase of atmosphericCH_4 can be explained by the increase of emission of CH_4 and build-up because of decrease of OHradicals that remove CH_4 from the atmosphere.The model is also used to simulate the distribution of CH_4.Comparisons between the modelresults and observations show that the model can simulate both latitudinal distribution and seasonalvariation of CH_4 well.     

Tropospheric Ozone in a Global-Scale Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Model and Its Response to NOX Emission Controls

A three-dimensional Lagrangian tropospheric chemistry modelis used toinvestigate the impact of human activities on the tropospheric distributionofozone and hydroxyl radicals. The model describes the behaviour of 50 speciesincluding methane, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide andnineorganic compounds emitted from human activities and a range of other sources.Thechemical mechanism involves about 100 chemical reactions of which 16 arephotochemical reactions whose diurnal dependence is treated in full. The modelutilises a five minute chemistry time step and a three hour advection timestepfor the 50,000 air parcels. Meteorological data for the winds, temperatures,clouds and so on are taken from the UK Meteorological Office global model for1994 onwards. The impacts of a 50% reduction in European NO_Xemissions onglobal ozone concentrations are assessed. Surface ozoneconcentrations decrease in summertime and rise in wintertime, but to differentextents.     

2050年前中国雾日变化趋势的预估

 利用1971-2005年中国591个气象台站的雾日资料以及逐日最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速资料,分析了35 a来中国各区域年雾日数与这些因子的相关关系,并利用IPCC第四次评估报告所提供的模式数据资料,针对3种不同的排放情景,对21世纪上半叶各区域年平均雾日进行预估。结果表明：对划分的9个雾区的年雾日数的回归方程的拟合效果较好,可以用来进行预估;未来50 a中国大部分地区雾日呈明显减少的变化趋势,在A1B,A2和B1情景下,雾日减少的平均幅度分别为16.2%,13.4%和12.9%。未来50 a中国雾日预估结果的空间分布显示：3种情景下未来中国大部分雾区雾日数都将减少,个别地区雾日数有增加趋势,其中A1B情景下雾日减少区的减少趋势最明显,而B1情景下雾日增加区的增加趋势最明显。     

基于敏感源分析的动态大气污染排放方案模拟

选取2014年11月6—11日一次典型污染过程,以北京城区为重点关注的目标区域,基于印痕分析技术判别对该区域影响较大的敏感源区,设计重点区域减排试验和敏感源区逐日动态减排试验,利用区域化学传输模式WRF-Chem进行模拟对比。结果显示:上述两种方案对源强较高的减排当地PM_2.5浓度降低均有明显的改善作用,且在传输作用下会辐射影响到下游地区;但仅就目标区域而言,敏感源区减排方案的减排效率要远远高于重点区域减排方案。为了验证基于敏感源分析的动态减排方法的适用性,进一步开展了不同季节以及不同背景浓度的个例模拟。结果表明:基于敏感源区分析结果制定动态逐日减排措施,可降低削减成本、提高减排效率,以达到最具经济环境效益的减排效果。     

Comparison of manual and automatic methods for measurement of methane emission from rice paddy fields

The methane emission flux from rice paddies was simultaneously measured with automatic and manual methods in the suburban of Suzhou. Both methods were based on the static chamber/ GC-FID techniques. Detail analysis of the experimental results indicates: a) The data of methane emission measured with the automatic method is reliable. b) About 11 or 19 o’clock of local time is recommended as the optimum sampling time for the manual spot measurement of methane emission from rice paddies. The methane emission fluxes measured by manual sampling at local time other than the optimum time have to be corrected. The correction coefficient may be determined by automatic and continuous measurement. c) In order to get a more accurate result, an empirical correction factor, such as 18%, is recommended to correct the seasonally total amount of measured methane emission by enlarging the au-tomatically measured data or reducing the manually measured ones.     

利用泥芯中稀土元素示踪青铜器的产地

从青铜器上所残留的陶范或泥芯出发，探讨利用泥芯示踪青铜器产地的可行性。采用等离子体发射光谱法测试了湖北、陕西、内蒙古和辽宁等地古代遗址出土陶范、泥芯等冶铸遗物的稀土元素，并分析比较了各自特征。在此基础上，对湖北枣阳九连墩和荆门左冢楚墓群出土青铜器上的泥芯进行稀土元素分析，为这些青铜器的铸造地提供信息。研究结果显示，各地陶范和泥芯的稀土元素特征有一定差异，通过分析青铜器上所残留的泥芯或陶范中稀土元素的地球化学特征，可以示踪古代青铜器的产地，即铸造地。     

塔北油区岩石声发射全过程曲线类型及特征

本文讨论了岩石试样在加载全过程中的声发射特征、不同岩石声发射全过程曲线的分类以及类型的确定方法;对新疆塔里木盆地北部油区井下和地表试样进行了统计、分类,确定出该油区泥岩、砂岩声发射全过程曲线存在Ⅰ、Ⅲ两种类型;白云岩、灰岩、玄武岩声发射全过程曲线具有Ⅰ型特征。      

称重法配制标准溶液研究及其不确定度评估

在标准溶液配制及稀释的过程中放弃了传统的定量移液管,采用精密电子天平作为定量工具。精密电子天平准确度高,重复性好,不需考虑溶液黏度、管口流速等因素对不确定度的影响,而且明显地降低了在标准溶液逐级稀释过程中由于读数、操作等原因产生的误差,可实现大比例稀释,操作简便。根据《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》(CNAL/AG07:2002)评定了此方法与传统溶液配制方法的不确定度。利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)验证了其准确性和线性,均获得满意结果。本法适用于ICP-AES法测定样品中的主元素(含量在x%~xx%)时的标准溶液配制,也可应用于原子荧光光谱、原子吸收光谱等仪器系列标准溶液的配制。     

孔隙压力作用下煤岩破裂及声发射特性的数值模拟

运用嵌入孔隙压力的岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D系统,对孔隙压力作用下煤岩的变形强度特性进行了数值试验研究。数值试验结果表明,在孔隙压力一定时,随着围压的增加,煤岩的杨氏模量、抗压强度都随之增高;而当围压一定时,随着孔隙压力的增加,煤岩的杨氏模量、抗压强度则稍有降低,而且峰值强度后的应力-应变曲线有呈现脆性的趋势。此外数值模拟还研究了不同围压及孔隙压力作用下煤岩的声发射特性     

楔刀作用下岩石微观劣化的试验研究

通过改装RMT-150C系统,使用不同刃角的楔形刀具对花岗岩进行贯切试验,利用DISP声发射测试系统进行声发射的定位特征分析,研究岩石在楔形刀具作用下损伤劣化破坏的全过程。试验结果表明：声发射试验是一种研究TBM滚刀破岩微观机制的有效方法,脆性岩石材料的破坏过程是内部微裂纹的萌生和扩展过程的宏观反映;在楔刃刀具匀速贯入时,声发射信号随着荷载的变化呈一定对应趋势的变化,荷载-贯入度曲线能反映试件内的损伤历程;声发射2D定位结果显示,在岩石破碎区的密实核下方存在“损伤核”,它由微震裂源增生丛聚分布形成,核内劣化程度高,是孕育密实核的场所,为TBM滚刀作用下岩石的宏观破裂现象提供了解释和依据;楔刀跃进式的挤压贯切岩板试件,钝刃刀具产生“球状”损伤核,尖刃刀具产生“水滴状”损伤核,钝刃刀具贯切试件产生更深的贯入度和更宽的损伤核,致使试件中不仅破碎深度大,而且破损范围广,破岩效果优于尖刃刀具。