Use of a traditional Maori harvesting method,the tau kōura,for monitoring kōura (freshwater crayfish,Paranephrops planifions) in Lake Rotoiti,North Island,New Zealand

Sampling of kōura (freshwater crayfish Paranephrops planifrons) to assess population abundance and structure in lakes is often difficult or impractical because of the absence of representative methods. The tau kôura is a traditional Maori method used to catch kôura in central North Island lakes by placing whakaweku (bundles of bracken fern Pteridium esculentum) on the lake bed that kôura then colonise. It has advantages as a monitoring tool over conventional methods, such as baited traps and dive surveys, as it samples all kôura size classes, can be used in turbid waters and at a wide range of depths, and does not require expensive equipment or specialised expertise (e.g., SCUBA). We demonstrate its use to monitor kôura populations in Lake Rotoiti (mean depth 32 m), North Island, New Zealand. Application of the method allowed differences in population size structure to be distinguished between a shallow and a moderate depth site within Lake Rotoiti and to discern seasonal breeding patterns.     

Reproductive traits of Euterpina acutifrons in a coastal area of Southeastern Brazil

We investigated the reproductive biology of the planktonic harpacticoid copepod Euterpina acutifrons, including morphometric data, egg production rates (EPR) and viability, and weight‐specific egg production. Experiments were carried out during 1 year in an inner‐shelf area off Ubatuba (SE Brazil), a site seasonally influenced by bottom intrusions of the relatively cold and nutrient‐rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). We hypothesized that E. acutifrons attain higher reproductive rates when SACW penetrates in this region. Live females were incubated individually in cell culture plates during two periods of 24 h each, under controlled temperature and light conditions. Euterpina acutifrons carried on average 16.9 ± 6.9 eggs·sac^?1, ranging between 10.8 ± 5.7 and 30.8 ± 7.4 eggs·sac^?1. Estimated EPRs ranged from 6.3 ± 3.4 to 13.6 ± 4.2 eggs·female^?1·day^?1, with mean weight‐specific egg production rates of 0.06 ± 0.04 and 0.17 ± 0.08 per day. Euterpina acutifrons was not directly influenced by SACW intrusions, but body length and clutch size were positively related to temperature and chlorophyll content. Egg hatching time was clearly dependent on water temperature, as a 2 °C increase resulted in a decrease of 15 h in egg hatching time. This shows that even a small variation in temperature may considerably affect E. acutifrons population dynamics. Reproductive traits of this pelagic harpacticoid seem, therefore, to be controlled by the trade‐offs between increased food supply and the metabolic demands at low temperatures associated with SACW bottom intrusions toward this coastal area.     

Early development of Forsterygion varium,Gilloblennius decemdigitatus,and G. tripennis (Pisces: Tripterygiidae)

In the Wellington area (central New Zealand) Forsterygion varium (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider 1801) spawns from early June to late November, Gilloblennius decemdigitatus (Clarke, 1879) from early June to early October, and G. tripennis (Forster, in Bloch & Schneider 1801) from July to October. They deposit their eggs on firm substrates below the low tide level. Egg clusters are attended by an adult fish until hatching, which in the laboratory at 11.5–13.5°C, occurs after 18 days for F. varium and 20 days for G. decemdigitatus. Development to hatching for G. tripennis takes about 21 days at 13–15°c. The egg development of all three species is illustrated. The yolk‐sac larvae (prolarvae) of F. varium, G. decemdigitatus, and G. tripennis at hatching average 5.85, 5.03, and 5.72 mm standard length respectively. Yolk‐sac larvae of F. varium have a single row of 9–17 small, stellate melanophores along the ventral midline of the tail. The yolk‐sac larvae of G. tripennis have up to nine melanophores along the ventral midline of the tail, a medium‐sized melanophore above the optic lobes, and a further two above the medulla. The yolk‐sac larvae of G. decemdigitatus have three large mid‐dorsal melanophores interspersed with five smaller, paler pigment cells, and three large mid‐ventral melanophores interspersed with three of the smaller cells.     

浙江恐龙和蛋化石的时代

在浙江省内,有12个白垩纪红层盆地中发现恐龙化石和蛋化石,且多个盆地龙蛋共生。经初步调查,除金衢盆地衢江群下部中戴组发现恐龙化石外,恐龙化石和蛋化石均产于盆地内的中上部地层:即永康群朝川组、方岩组,衢江群的金华组和衢县组,天台群两头塘组和赤城山组。从相关地层的古生物组合时代和火山岩同位素年龄为101～90Ma以及地层的古地磁均为正向极性特征分析,浙江绝大部分恐龙蛋的时代应为晚白垩世,而蜂窝蛋类化石时代则很可能是早白垩世晚期或未期。     

非开挖定向技术在铺设不同材质污水管中的应用

非开挖技术在市政工程管网建设中已得到成功广泛的应用。传统非开挖定向拉管技术主要针对抗拉强度较好的钢管、PE管施工,且多为电力、电信套管或压力管等,标高要求不严,但在非压力污（雨）水管铺设时,除标高控制严格外,污水管网的材质也是多样化的设计,给传统非开挖施工提出了难题。针对PE管柔性好,HDPE管抗拉、抗压强度差,小口径砼管不适用顶管施工等特点,采用非开挖定向技术新工艺施工,取得了很好的效果。     

壶状臂尾轮虫及其休眠卵的形态学研究

从乳山对虾养殖场池塘底泥中分离出数量较多的一种轮虫休眠卵,经孵化鉴定为壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionus urceus),对该轮虫休眠卵及孵出的轮虫进行了形态学观察.扫描电镜观察发现,壶状臂尾轮虫休眠卵表面有明显的、不规则的褶皱突起,与已有报道略有差异,这可能是由生活水体盐度的不同引起的;该休眠卵表面附着一些污染物.透射电镜观察显示,壶状臂尾轮虫细胞内线粒体密集、分泌颗粒较多,这是与其代谢旺盛、运动活跃等机能相适应的.     

基于DNA条形码技术的浮游动物休眠卵种类鉴定:以洞庭湖流域常德柳叶湖为例

以洞庭湖流域的典型城市湖泊常德柳叶湖表层沉积物中浮游动物休眠卵为研究对象,采用DNA条形码技术进行种类鉴定,从191个休眠卵中成功获得101条有效序列,鉴定成功率约为53%.根据NCBI数据库比对成功鉴定休眠卵9科12属11种,另有6个样品鉴定到属或科;3个类群的种间遗传距离平均为种内遗传距离的68倍,表明可以利用线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶第一亚基编码基因(COⅠ)对休眠卵进行有效物种鉴定.通过Neighbor-Joining树进行系统发育分析,发现所鉴定的物种与其参比序列聚类为一支,所有物种分别聚为独立的一个支系,不同物种可有效区分.研究结果均表明,COⅠ基因作为DNA条形码可以实现沉积物中浮游动物休眠卵的物种鉴定.     

广东南雄白垩系及恐龙蛋到鸟蛋演化研究

首次实测了南雄盆地一条完整的白垩系剖面;沿剖面在66个层位中采集到蛋化石, 新建了1个恐龙蛋科, 2个属及6个种;在厘定南雄盆地和丹霞盆地的岩石地层后, 统一提出了一套白垩纪地层单位名称。另外通过对羽状蛋化石的研究, 揭示出恐龙蛋到鸟蛋的进化, 是由于蛋壳棱柱层产生了变异, 出现了从‘层状结构’到‘羽状结构’的转变;与现代鸟禽类对比后确认, 恐龙蛋的棱柱层相当于鸟禽类的鳞片层(带);具有羽状结构的蛋化石是恐龙蛋演化到鸟蛋的一种中间类型。     

抗杂交鳢(Channa argus×C. maculate)弹状病毒卵黄抗体制备及ELISA检测方法的建立

为确定杂交鳢(Channa argus×C. maculate)弹状病毒卵黄抗体效价水平消减规律并验证抗体对病毒的中和能力,采用杂交鳢弹状病毒灭活疫苗免疫蛋鸡,使用醋酸-醋酸钠-辛酸法制备卵黄抗体,建立间接ELISA检测方法以监测卵黄抗体产生过程抗体水平消减情况,以中和试验评估卵黄抗体中和杂交鳢弹状病毒效果。结果显示, ELISA检测方法 最佳条件为抗原包被浓度0.5×10^5.8 TCID₅₀/0.1 mL, 37℃包被2 h, 37℃封闭2 h。与大口黑鲈蛙虹彩病毒卵黄抗体、SPF蛋黄提取物、免疫前蛋黄提取物以及MBC空细胞均无交叉反应。以S/N(sample/negative)>2.1且敏感性最高为标准确定阳性、阴性样品。卵黄抗体于首免后28 d产生效价,四免后达到最高水平,效价为1︰25 600,平台期可持续40～60 d,通过中和抗体检测结果证明平台期内抗体中和效价在免疫周期内最高,约为46.3。通过ELISA检测方法对卵黄抗体产生规律进行监测,通过中和检测方法评估卵黄抗体中和病毒效果。高滴度卵黄抗体具有被开发为新型抗杂交鳢弹状...     

软骨鱼类输卵管腺研究进展

输卵管腺(oviductgland)是软骨鱼类特有的生殖器官,由雌性软骨鱼类的输卵管前段发育形成,输卵管腺对于软骨鱼类的生殖具有重要意义,参与了卵壳的合成,卵胶的分泌,精子储存等多个重要生命过程。同时输卵管腺的合成产物中含有一种高度交联的胶原蛋白复合材料,具有韧性强、抑菌、抗污、可降解等特点,是极具开发价值的海洋生物材料。但是目前中国该领域研究基础较为薄弱,本文通过对软骨鱼类的生殖方式、输卵管腺的结构、卵壳分泌过程等几部分的研究进展进行阐述,以期为软骨鱼类的繁育、新型生物材料的开发提供启发。