基于GIS的石油勘探图形库系统分析和设计

首先讨论目前我国石油勘探工程图形图像的标准化研究，提出相应的图形图像分类、分层标准和编码规范；然后基于信息流分析提出多层的C／S系统体系结构；利用GIS技术对系统体系结构进行功能分配以实现系统的制图功能、济览查询功能、图件输入输出等管理和操作功能、异构图形库的转换功能、图形分析应用功能和图形发布功能。最后讨论了系统研发中的两个难点，一是石油勘探工程中图形图像的标准化研究程度；二是对各油田前期投入开发的各种异构图形库系统的兼容和转换处理。     

全球地学断面数字化图形数据库建设

以原地质矿产部系统所完成的6条地学断面图为源数据基础，选用MAPGIS软件平台对6条地学断面图进行了数字化，根据“全球地学断面数字化指南”，并参考了各地学断面的制图标准，建立了中国地学断面图形库和属性库。开发，研制了图形库管理系统。     

Prediction of sediment yield by coupling Kalman filter with instantaneous unit sediment graph

An instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) model in conjunction with Kalman filter was investigated for prediction of sediment yield from an upland watershed in Northwestern Mississippi. The state vector of the watershed sediment yield system was constituted by the IUSG and then the sediment yield was estimated by the IUSG model using Kalman filter. The initial values of the state vector were assumed as the average of the IUSG values and the initial sediment yield estimated from the average IUSG. The IUSG model using Kalman filter with a recursive algorithm accurately predicted sediment yield from watershed W‐5, Mississippi. The filter allowed the IUSG to vary in time, increased the accuracy of the IUSG model, and reduced physical uncertainty of the sediment yield process in the watershed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A building label placement method for 3D visualizations based on candidate label evaluation and selection

Adding building labels greatly improves the recognizability of buildings and the readability of three-dimensional (3D) city scenes. However, building label placement is much more complex in 3D scenes than in two-dimensional (2D) maps. The annotation effect is influenced by the attributes of the 3D label, building visibility, and the spatial relationship between the building and viewpoint. In this context, automatically generating building labels for 3D scenes during interactions requires highly complex computations. By contrast, evaluating candidate labels and then selecting the suitable label for each building can be effectively implemented. This paper introduces an approach for labeling buildings in 3D scenes based on evaluations of label candidates. The proposed method predefines a candidate label set for each building. These candidates are then evaluated in terms of their attributes and the relationship between the labels and viewpoint at runtime. The best candidate label, or a situational alternative for each building, is then placed in order of comprehensive label priority to avoid annotation conflicts. A series of experiments demonstrate that this method effectively enhances the correlation of labels and buildings, improves interactive efficiency, and realizes a viable global label layout.     

"数字衡阳"市县一体化大数据与地理信息公共服务云平台建设的技术创新

“数字衡阳”市县一体化大数据与地理信息公共服务云平台建设项目,实现了市县地理信息一体化管理、共享和协同服务,制定了完整的市县一体化标准体系,创新了基础地理信息数据生产和管理机制,创建了基于标准体系的“一键成图”技术。大幅提升了地理信息共享应用的效益,降低了县级地理信息应用技术门槛,为全国其他地区数字城市建设提供了可借鉴、推广的经验。今后将进一步实现数据成果在各行各业的快速应用,产生更好的经济效益和社会效益。     

矿井地质图件绘制中Auto CAD的应用

简要介绍了Auto CAD的特点及其在矿井地质图件绘制中的应用技巧,阐述了完成一幅地质图件的基本步骤,推荐了钻孔平面图绘制的专业化程序。      

淮北临涣矿采煤沉陷区不同水体水化学特征及其影响因素

为研究淮北临涣矿采煤沉陷区不同水体的补给水源及溶质来源,在现场调查的基础上,系统采集丰水期、平水期、枯水期沉陷区积水、地表河水和浅层地下水样进行测试分析,采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图和因子分析方法,对不同水体水化学特征及其影响因素进行讨论.结果表明:地表水水体总溶解性固体(TDS)质量浓度表现为枯水期丰水期平水期,浅层地下水表现为枯水期平水期丰水期,地表水TDS质量浓度明显高于浅层地下水.地表水中主要阴阳离子为Na~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-),水化学类型主要为SO_4~(2-)-Cl~--Na~+型;浅层地下水离子以HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,表现为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)型.结合Gibbs图和因子分析可知,地表水受蒸发作用、地表径流以及采煤活动等因素影响,浅层地下水在一定程度上体现出大气降水和地表水补给的特点,受岩石风化作用影响较为明显.     

RESPONSES OF THE S-A DOUBLE-LOG GRAPH,CONCAVITY INDEX AND STEEPNESS INDEX OF CHANNELS TO THE TECTO-NIC MOVEMENT OF THE HUOSHAN PIEDMONT FAULT

The Huoshan piedmont fault is a small watershed region in Shanxi Province. We utilized the high-resolution DEM data and the stream-power incision model which describes the relationship between the tectonic uplift and fluvial incision to analyze the S-A double-log graph, concavity index (θ)and steepness index (logk_s) of the 64 channels across this fault and discuss their responses to the tectonic movement of the fault. The results show that (1)the S-A double-log graphs all exhibit an obvious convex form, which is the direct expression of the response to the situation that the bedrock uplift rate is higher than the fluvial incision rate. (2)All of the concavity index (θ)values of 64 channels are lower than 0.35 with an average value of 0.223, much lower than the empirical value (0.49)of the rivers in steady state. These low values are the quantitative reflections of the channels' slightly concave profiles. Meanwhile they imply that these channels across the fault are very young. There is no enough time for them to adjust the profiles through the fluvial incision to the steady state because of the fault's frequent and strong tectonic movements. (3)The steepness index values of the channels located in the Laoyeding Mt. are highest, while they are lower in the northern and southern mountains. Moreover, the steepness index values of the channels in the northern mountains, on average, are higher than those of the channels in the southern mountains. To a certain extent, this distribution of the steepness index corresponds to the difference in the uplift rates of the Huoshan piedmont fault. It means that the uplift rate of the middle fault segment in the Laoyeding Mt. is highest, and the uplift rate of the northern segment is higher than that of the southern segment.     

地球科学知识图谱的构建与展望

大数据为地球科学研究带来了新的思路和挑战。但由于存在描述规范不统一、共享机制不明、语义异构等问题,在数据集成、共享与复用等方面存在较大困难,使得大数据的众多优势在地球科学相关研究中难以充分发挥。知识图谱能够准确、清晰地表达概念及其相互之间的复杂语义关系,为机器所理解,是实现语义翻译、数据融合和复用的关键技术。文章对地球科学知识图谱的内涵和特点进行了深入的分析,归纳了地球科学知识图谱的主要构建方法,梳理了数据字典、知识体系和知识图谱之间的关系,对与地球科学知识图谱构建相关的专题数据库和领域本体的建设现状进行了回顾,指出了地球科学知识图谱构建中存在的主要问题,并阐述了地球科学知识图谱的应用前景,以期推动和完善地球科学知识图谱的建设和应用。     

基于图论的树状河流空间关系表达

分析了树状河流的空间特征,利用了水系的主支流交汇点作为图的节点,河段作为图的边,水系的流向作为有向图的方向,实现了树状河流空间关系的表达。