Articles 4.8 and 4.9 of the UNFCCC: adverse effects and the impacts of response measures

Abstract

Articles 4.8 and 4.9 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Article 3.14 of its Kyoto Protocol require parties to take measures to minimise the adverse effects of climate change on developing and least developed countries (LDCs). The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) argue that this should mean assistance for capacity building to help them adapt to a changing climate. Articles 4.8 and 3.14 also require parties to take measures to minimise the impacts of emission reduction measures on energy exporting countries. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries argue that this should mean assistance to compensate for lost oil revenues. This paper explores the dimensions of the adverse effects/impacts issue. It explains how, in arguing that progress on Articles 4.8, 4.9 and 3.14 be equal to progress on the issue of assistance to compensate for lost oil revenues, OPEC countries obstruct progress on assistance to developing and LDCs for adaptation to climate change. This suggests that tacit G77/China support for OPEC's position may ultimately not be in their best interests. The paper discusses the outlook for the adverse effects/impacts of response measures issue.     

电离层时空变化效应对星载及月基SAR成像影响:现状与展望

合成孔径雷达（SAR）作为一种主动传感器,具备全天时、全天候的观测能力,已广泛应用于对地观测中.然而,无线电信号在空间传播过程中会不可避免地受到电离层效应的影响,导致信号的相位、幅度发生变化,使得工作在电离层之上的SAR系统的成像性能受到干扰.本文分别从法拉第旋转、背景电离层和电离层不规则体三个方面介绍了电离层效应对不同轨道SAR系统成像性能的影响,并总结了电离层效应的补偿修正方案.最后,给出了电离层效应对星载和月基SAR成像影响的一些亟待解决的问题,以促进星载和月基SAR成像的发展及应用.     

Atmospheric effects in astroparticle physics experiments and the challenge of ever greater precision in measurements

Astroparticle physics and cosmology allow us to scan the universe through multiple messengers. It is the combination of these probes that improves our understanding of the universe, both in its composition and its dynamics. Unlike other areas in science, research in astroparticle physics has a real originality in detection techniques, in infrastructure locations, and in the observed physical phenomenon that is not created directly by humans. It is these features that make the minimisation of statistical and systematic errors a perpetual challenge. In all these projects, the environment is turned into a detector medium or a target. The atmosphere is probably the environment component the most common in astroparticle physics and requires a continuous monitoring of its properties to minimise as much as possible the systematic uncertainties associated. This paper introduces the different atmospheric effects to take into account in astroparticle physics measurements and provides a non-exhaustive list of techniques and instruments to monitor the different elements composing the atmosphere. A discussion on the close link between astroparticle physics and Earth sciences ends this paper.     

关于盐城市地震效应问题探讨

对比分析了<建筑抗震设计规范>(GB 50011-2010)与<建筑抗震设计规范>(GB 50011-2001)中涉及场地勘察相关条文的规定,指出其相关条文的修改对盐城市区场地类别的划分、地震动参数的确定、砂土液化的判别、软土震陷的评价等方面产生的影响,以及今后在勘察中需注意的一些问题,并提出了相关建议.     

High mortality of Zostera marina under high temperature regimes but minor effects of the invasive macroalgae Gracilaria vermiculophylla

The present study tested for density-dependent effects of the invasive drift macroalgae Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss on growth and survival of the native eelgrass, Zostera marina L., under different temperature levels. Three weeks laboratory experiments were conducted in Odense, Denmark, combining three algae densities (control, low 1.9 kg WW m⁻², high 4.5 kg WW m⁻²) with typical Danish summer temperatures (18 °C) and elevated temperatures (21 °C and 27 °C). There was a significant effect of temperature on shoot survival with on average 68% mortality in the high temperature treatment but almost no mortality at the two lower temperatures. The higher mortality was probably caused by high sulphide levels in the sediment pore water (0.6 mmol l⁻¹ at 18 °C compared to 3.7 mmol l⁻¹ at 27 °C). Above-ground growth of the surviving shoots was also significantly affected by temperature, with leaf elongation rates being negatively affected, while the leaf plastochrone interval increased. Relative growth rate was significantly higher at 21 °C than at 18 °C or 27 °C, whereas rhizome elongation was significantly lowest at 27 °C. Elemental sulphur content in the plant tissues increased significantly with temperature and was up to 34 times higher (S⁰ in rhizomes) at 27 °C compared to the lower temperatures. In contrast to the temperature effects, cover by G. vermiculophylla did not cause significant effects on any seagrass responses. However, there was a (non-significant) negative effect of algal cover at the highest temperature, where the seagrass is already stressed. The latter results suggest that more studies should test for interaction effects between temperature and other anthropogenic stressors given that temperature is predicted to increase in the near future.     

Net economic effects of achieving maximum economic yield in fisheries

Improving the economic performance of fisheries is becoming increasingly important in fisheries management, and in some cases, maximum economic yield (MEY) is set as a key management target. However, recent critics of MEY as a management target have argued that a decline in the level of fishing activity necessary to achieve the target will result in a subsequent loss of economic activity elsewhere in the economy and, potentially, a net loss to society. In this paper, an input–output framework is used to estimate the net economic effects of achieving MEY in several Australian fisheries for which there is information on their short- and long-term performances when moving towards MEY. While overall losses were found in the short term, achieving MEY was found to result in a net economic benefit to society in the longer term. Local coastal communities in particular were found to benefit, although some losses were incurred elsewhere in the economy.     

人工干预下河北省淤泥质海岸岸线演变及其环境效应分析

以多期地形图、海图, 多时相航空影像图、卫星遥感数据, 多年实测数据为主要数据源, 综合运用GIS 软件室内判读与野外实地调查相结合的技术方法, 系统分析了人工干预下河北省淤泥质海岸岸线近50 a（1956～2006 年）来演变过程、动因, 深入探讨了海岸岸线演变特征及其对周边岸滩产生的环境效应。结果表明： 河北省淤泥...     

等效理论框架下的航海英语翻译

结合航海英语具有专业术语多、重复少、多长句,复合句和被动语态的特点,选用典型实例从词汇内涵、句式表达、语篇分析3个语言层面阐述等效翻译理论在航海英语翻译中的应用,为规范译员在航海英语资料翻译和口译过程中的原则和行为提供有益启示,进一步提高国内外海员的交流与合作层次。     

耕地保护经济补偿运行机制及补偿效应分析

在对耕地保护经济补偿机制内涵界定的基础上,提出了"农业保险+社会保障+实物技术货币一体化的区内经济补偿机制"和"基于上级政府调控和财政转移支付的耕地保护区际经济补偿协商机制",并对区内和区际经济补偿方式、运行机理进行了分析.同时,在对耕地保护经济补偿效应概念、类型界定的基础上,结合农户问卷调查,对耕地保护经济补偿效应进行了系统分析.研究表明:(1)耕地利用生态社会效益的外部性是耕地非农化的根本原因,而构建耕地保护的经济补偿机制则是抑制耕地非农化的根本途径.(2)耕地保护的经济补偿体系由区内经济补偿和区际经济补偿共同组成,耕地保护经济补偿方式、补偿标准是影响其补偿效应的重要因素.     

中部地区经济差异的空间尺度效应分析

为深入分析空间尺度选择对区域经济差异的影响,采用变异系数、基尼系数和锡尔系数等指标在省、市和县三级空间尺度重复使用的方法和尺度方差分析法,选取人口、GDP和人均GDP 3项指标,分析1990-2007年我国中部地区区域经济差异的空间尺度效应。1)采用同一指标在3个尺度上重复使用的方法分析结果存在很大差别,市、县尺度上区域经济差异都有扩大趋势,但与省尺度上的趋势相异,尤其2003年后市、县尺度上区域经济差异呈扩大趋势,而在省尺度却呈缩小趋势;2)尺度方差分析也显示市、县尺度上结果较为一致,并在1997年达到低值后均有明显扩大趋势,这与省尺度上的趋势相异,尤为明显的是,2003年后区域经济差异在省尺度呈缩小趋势。尺度方差分解和锡尔系数分解结果表明:市际和县际差异是造成中部地区经济差异的主要因素,省际差异的影响很小。因此,在进行区域经济差异分析时应尽量选择较小空间尺度。