柴达木盆地北缘都兰地区榴辉岩中透长石＋石英包裹体：超高压变质作用的证据

近年来在祁连地体与紫达木地块之间大柴旦－－都兰北一线确定出一条榴辉岩带。在此带东端北部地区野马滩一带榴辉岩中，我们发现产在石榴子石内部由透长石和多晶石英（柯石英假像）构成的包裹体。包裹体在内部结构特征及周围的状裂纹反映早期超高压变质相特征，据此，推测柴达木盆地北缘榴辉岩带可能是一形成深度超过80km的超高压变质带。     

Temporal and tectonic evolution of the granulite-eclogite association from the Bergen Arcs, western Norway

The U-Pb and Sm-Nd dating of deep crustal rocks from the Bergen Arcs system helps resolve enigmatic aspects of the tectonic evolution of the Caledonian Orogen in western Norway and yields insights into the arrested stages of eclogite development within the granulites of the area. The U-Pb dating of zircon from one of the eclogite facies shear zones yields an upper intercept age of 945 ± 5 Ma [all errors two standard deviations (2σ)], which is similar to other zircon ages from the granulite facies protolith. The age is interpreted to represent the time of late Proterozoic (Sveconorwegian) granulite metamorphism. The U-Pb ages of sphene and epidote show that the eclogites formed early in the evolution of the Caledonian Orogen (pre-Scandian phase) at about 460 Ma. An eclogite facies quartz vein yields a Sm-Nd whole rock-garnet isochron of 440 ± 12 Ma that may reflect the onset of cooling immediately after peak eclogite facies conditions, although the Sm-Nd systematics reveal some isotopic disequilibrium within the sample. In tandem with previous ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age determinations from, an adjacent eclogite of 450 Ma for hornblende and 430 Ma for muscovite, these data indicate that < 30 Ma elapsed between formation of the eclogites and the initial stages of cooling and exhumation to at least mid-crustal levels. This corresponds to minimum cooling rates of 14 °C/m.y. The timing relations suggest that the formation and exhumation of these eclogites from the overlying Caledonian Nappe wedge in western Norway are related to an early phase of crustal subduction during or somewhat before the major phase of continent-continent collision.

The short period of time between the formation of the eclogites and the initial stages of exhumation and rapid cooling is consistent with the only partial and localized transformation of the granulite to eclogite. Isolated occurrences of eclogite within the granulite, the formation of eclogite along metasomatic fronts and the formation of hydrous eclogite facies minerals within the “dry” granulite all point to the importance of fluids in the transformation and re-equilibration of the granulite to eclogite. Together, field and isotopic data demonstrate that both the localized and limited access of fluids and the rapid cycling of continental crust through the deepest portions of the orogen to upper crustal levels resulted in the preservation of the arrested stages of eclogite formation and survival of the granulites metastably through eclogite facies conditions.     

安徽大别山北部榴辉岩的分布及主要特征

安徽大别山北部新发现的榴辉岩主要产于花岗质片麻岩及基性—超基性岩中 ,与大别山南部的榴辉岩在产出围岩、矿物组成及地球化学特征等方面均十分相似。现今榴辉岩南多北少的分布 ,主要是在中生代热隆构造体制下剧烈差异抬升剥蚀 ,中生代花岗岩大面积侵位所致。     

板内玄武岩来源于再循环碳酸盐化榴辉岩的地球化学证据: 以四子王旗新生代玄武岩为例

本文对中国东部中新世四子王旗玄武岩开展了详细的全岩和橄榄石主、微量元素及全岩Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-Mg同位素研究, 据此探讨它们的成因及源区性质。研究发现, 四子王旗玄武岩具有类似于高μ(HIMU)型地幔起源熔体的微量元素分布特征, Zr、Hf、Ti的负异常, 高的Zr/Hf比值(Zr/Hf=49.3~54.8), 以及低于正常地幔范围的δ²⁶Mg值(-0.51‰~-0.49‰), 表明其来源于碳酸盐化地幔源区。它们还具有低的Sc含量(10.1×10^-6~10.5×10^-6)和高的Gd/Yb比值(8.7~9.4), 结合它们橄榄石斑晶低的Fo值, 高的NiO含量和Fe/Mn比值, 揭示其母岩浆为碳酸盐化榴辉岩部分熔融产生。四子王旗玄武岩具有亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.70370~0.70449;ε_Nd=+6.3~+6.4;ε_Hf=+9.7~+10.3), 以及较低的Pb同位素组成(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=17.94, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.44, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=37.89), 指示它们源区为年轻的再循环洋壳物质, 很有可能来自于滞留的西太平洋板片。四子王旗玄武岩位于南北重力梯度带以西并远离海沟, 意味着滞留的西太平洋板片在物质上对上覆地幔的影响范围较之前认识的要更广。

     

俯冲带榴辉岩的变形作用及其对俯冲-折返过程的意义

榴辉岩是大洋和大陆俯冲带的重要岩石类型,在研究俯冲带的形成过程、热结构、壳幔相互作用等方面有重要意义。通过对天然和实验样品中石榴子石、绿辉石等矿物的变形特征、变形机制、变形的影响因素等的综合分析,系统总结了高压变质带中榴辉岩矿物显微和超微变形研究的进展,探讨了榴辉岩的变形特征在恢复俯冲与折返过程研究中的意义及一些尚待解决的一些问题。     

新疆西南天山哈布腾苏一带榴辉岩的岩石学特征及变质作用P-T轨迹

西南天山哈布腾苏河沿岸的含石墨的石榴石多硅白云母石英片岩中出露一套若干大小不等的布丁状变基性岩块,产状与区域面理一致。本文对其中保存完好的榴辉岩体进行了较为细致的岩石学研究和温压演化条件计算。根据主要矿物的含量,将该套榴辉岩大致分为两类一角闪榴辉岩和钠云母榴辉岩,二者的主要矿物均为Grt＋Omp＋Na—Ca-Amp＋Pg＋Dol／Cal＋Rt±Qtz。石榴石变斑晶两阶段生长明显,从核部到边部XMn和XFe降低,XMg和XCa升高,指示了升温降压的变质过程。根据石榴石核部和边部的包体组合特征,确立了两期榴辉岩相变质作用：前一阶段经历了高压但较低温的硬柱石．硬绿泥石（仅见假象）榴辉岩相,变质温度为400～5000C,压力不低于1．8～1．9GPa,表明早期经历了快速俯冲过程;后一阶段的变质温度为570±300C,压力为2．0～2．5GPa。在退变质绿帘角闪岩相阶段,形成低压脉体（矿物组合为Ab4-Di＋Na—Ca—Amp＋Ep／Czo＋Cal）和一系列退变质反应结构．如Dol的Cal增生边．Omp的Di＋Ab后成合晶结构。利用Dol—Cal分溶温度计和Di的Jd分子含量得到该阶段的温度约500—530℃,压力小于0．9～1．1GPa,表明其退变质经历的是降温降压过程。这与利用Thermocale 3．1在NCFMASH体系下计算的PT视剖面图是一致的。     

Eclogite thermobarometry: The consistency between conventional thermobarometry and forward phase-equilibrium modelling

Eclogite thermobarometry is crucial for constraining the depths and temperatures to which oceanic and continental crust subduct. However, obtaining the pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions of eclogites is complex as they commonly display high-variance mineral assemblages, and the mineral compositions only vary slightly with P–T. In this contribution, we present a comparison between two independent and commonly used thermobarometric approaches for eclogites: conventional thermobarometry and forward phase-equilibrium modelling. We assess how consistent the thermobarometric calculations are using the garnet–clinopyroxene–phengite barometer and garnet–clinopyroxene thermometer with predictions from forward modelling (i.e. comparing the relative differences between approaches). Our results show that the overall mismatch in methods is typically ±0.2–0.3 GPa and ±29–42°C although differences as large as 80°C and 0.7 GPa are possible for a few narrow ranges of P–T conditions in the forward models. Such mismatch is interpreted as the relative differences among methods, and not as absolute uncertainties or accuracies for either method. For most of the investigated P–T conditions, the relatively minor differences between methods means that the choice in thermobarometric method itself is less important for geological interpretation than careful sample characterization and petrographic interpretation for deriving P–T from eclogites. Although thermobarometry is known to be sensitive to the assumed X_Fe³⁺ of a rock (or mineral), the relative differences between methods are not particularly sensitive to the choice of bulk-rock X_Fe³⁺, except at high temperatures (>650°C, amphibole absent) and for very large differences in assumed X_Fe³⁺ (0–0.5). We find that the most important difference between approaches is the activity–composition (a–x) relations, as opposed to the end-member thermodynamic data or other aspects of experimental calibration. When equivalent a–x relations are used in the conventional barometer, P calculations are nearly identical to phase-equilibrium models (ΔP < 0.1). To further assess the implications of these results for real rocks, we also evaluate common mathematical optimizations of reaction constants used for obtaining the maximum P–T with conventional thermobarometric approaches (e.g. using the highest aGrs² × aPrp in garnet and Si content in phengite, and the lowest aDi in clinopyroxene). These approaches should be used with caution, because they may not represent the compositions of equilibrium mineral assemblages at eclogite facies conditions and therefore systematically bias P–T calculations. Assuming method accuracy, geological meaningful P_max at a typical eclogite facies temperature of ~660°C will be obtained by using the greatest aDi, aCel, and aPrp and lowest aGrs and aMs; garnet and clinopyroxene with the lowest Fe²⁺/Mg ratios may yield geological meaningful T_max at a typical eclogite facies pressure of 2.5 GPa.     

Phase equilibria modelling constraints on P–T conditions during fluid catalysed conversion of granulite to eclogite in the Bergen Arcs,Norway

Exhumed eclogitic crust is rare and exposures that preserve both protoliths and altered domains are limited around the world. Nominally anhydrous Neoproterozoic anorthositic granulites exposed on the island of Holsnøy, in the Bergen Arcs in western Norway, preserve different stages of progressive prograde deformation, together with the corresponding fluid‐assisted metamorphism, which record the conversion to eclogite during the Ordovician–Silurian Caledonian Orogeny. Four stages of deformation can be identified: (1) brittle deformation resulting in the formation of fractures and the generation of pseudotachylites in the granulite; (2) development of mesoscale shear zones associated with increased fluid–rock interaction; (3) the complete large‐scale replacement of granulite by hydrous eclogite with blocks of granulite sitting in an eclogitic “matrix”; and (4) the break‐up of completely eclogitized granulite by continued fluid influx, resulting in the formation of coarse‐grained phengite‐dominated mineral assemblages. P–T constraints derived from phase equilibria forward modelling of mineral assemblages of the early and later stages of the conversion to eclogite document burial and partial exhumation path with peak metamorphic conditions of ~21–22 kbar and 670–690°C. The P–T models, in combination with existing T–t constraints, imply that the Lindås Nappe underwent extremely rapid retrogressive pressure change. Fluid infiltration began on the prograde burial path and continued throughout the recorded P–T evolution, implying a fluid source that underwent progressive dehydration during subduction of the granulites. However, in places limited fluid availability on the prograde path resulted in assemblages largely consuming the available fluid, essentially freezing in snapshots of the prograde evolution. These were carried metastably deeper into the mantle with strain and metamorphic recrystallization partitioned into areas where ongoing fluid infiltration was concentrated.     

Isotopic constraints on fluid infiltration from an eclogite facies shear zone, Holsenøy, Norway

Granulite facies anorthosites on Holsenøy Island in the Bergen Arcs region of western Norway are transected by shear zones 0.1–100 m wide characterized by eclogite facies assemblages. Eclogite formation is related to influx of fluid along the shears at temperatures of c. 700d?C and pressures in excess of 1.7 GPa. Combined carbon and nitrogen stable isotope, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, trace-element and petrological data have been used to determine the nature and distribution of fluids across the anorthosite-eclogite transition. A metre-wide drilled section traverses the eclogitic centre of the shear into undeformed granulite facies garnet-clinopyroxene anorthosite. Clinozoisite occurs along grain boundaries and microcracks in undeformed anorthosite up to 1 m from the centre of the shear and clinozoisite increases in abundance as the edge of the shear zone is approached. The eclogite-granulite transition, marked by the appearance of sodic pyroxene and loss of albite, occurs within the most highly sheared section of the traverse. The jadeite-in reaction coincides with increased paragonite activity in mica. The separation between paragonite and clinozoisite reaction fronts can be semiquantitatively modelled assuming advective fluid flow perpendicular to the shear zone. The inner section of the traverse (0.25 m wide) is marked by retrogressive replacement of omphacite by plagioclase + paragonite accompanied by veins of quartz-phengite-plagioclase. C-N-Ar characteristics of fluid inclusions in garnet show that fluids associated with precursor granulite, eclogite and retrogressed eclogite are isotopically distinct. The granulite-eclogite transition coincides with a marked change in CO₂ abundance and δ¹³C (<36ppm, δ¹³C=-2% in the granulite; <180 ppm, δ¹³C=-10% in the eclogite). The distribution of Ar indicates mixing between influxed fluid (⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar > 25 times 10³) and pre-existing Ar in the granulite (⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar < 8 times 10³). δ¹⁵N values decrease from +6% in the anorthosite to +3% within the eclogite shear. The central zone of retrogressed eclogite post-dates shearing and is characterised by substantial enrichment of Si, K, Ba and Rb. Fluids are CO₂-rich (δ¹³C ～ -5%) with variable N₂ and Ar abundances and isotopic compositions. Both Ar and H₂O have penetrated the underformed granulite fabric more than 0.5m beyond the granulite/eclogite transition during eclogite formation. Argon isotopes show a mixing profile consistent with diffusion through an interconnecting H₂O-rich fluid network. In contrast, a carbon-isotope front coincides with the deformation boundary layer, indicating that the underformed anorthosite was impervious to CO₂-rich fluids. This is consistent with the high dihedral angle of carbonic fluids, and may be interpreted in terms of evolving fluid compositions within the shear zone.     

西藏拉萨地体榴辉岩的地球化学特征和Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr同位素组成及其地质意义

最近在青藏高原拉萨地体新发现了一条榴辉岩带,该榴辉岩带位于冈底斯岩浆岛弧带的北缘。对该带榴辉岩的岩石地球化学特征及SmNd、RbSr同位素组成研究表明： ① 该带榴辉岩的原岩主要是一套低钾的大洋拉斑系列玄武岩,其原岩类似于典型的NMORB,源于亏损地幔; ② 该带榴辉岩样品 （87Sr/86Sr）i＝0.70335~0.70457,变化范围较大,且与εNd（t）值及微量元素特征均没有好的对应关系,可能是由于该套岩石形成于大洋环境,形成后遭受了海水的蚀变作用;（3）该带榴辉岩全岩的SmNd等时线年龄为305.5±50Ma （2σ）,（143Nd/144Nd）i＝0.5126±0.00007 （2σ）,表明该带榴辉岩可能形成于早石炭－晚二叠世,在这一时期冈底斯北缘可能存在古特提斯洋盆及古特提斯洋盆深俯冲作用。