遥感与GIS技术在雅鲁藏布江区域地质调查解译中的应用研究

在西藏雅鲁藏布江中游要修建一大型水利工程,都需要先查明工程地区的地质情况,对基底稳定性做出评价、工程设计和施工提供地质依据。为此运用遥感与GIS技术对雅鲁藏布江区域进行遥感地质调查,本文通过项目的实践研究,对遥感在区域地质调查中的遥感片种及谱段的选择、图像处理、解译标志的建立、构造断裂地层断层以及地质灾害等方面的解译以及GIS地质制图中需要注意的问题等方面的认识作了总结。     

GPS现代化和GPS信号重构技术的进展

介绍了GPS现代化计划和GPS信号重构技术的进展。GPS信号重构的目的是确保在某些特定区域的美军能够正常使用GPS而不受影响,而在同一区域与美军对立的一方既不能使用民用GPS信号,也不能使用GPS的军码,至于在该特定区域以外的民间GPS用户,则依然能够正常使用GPS;此外还重点介绍了由美国大地测量局(NGS)主持运行的GPS陆基增强系统(CORS)。     

羌塘天然气水合物地震干扰波特征分析及去噪方法

基于西藏羌塘盆地天然气水合物原始资料,对地震干扰波类型进行分析,从不同道集域、频率、速度、能量等方面分析干扰波的特征,针对强能量干扰、面波、次生干扰波及随机噪声在单炮记录上的特点,经反复测试,总结出压制各种干扰波的合适方法及相应去噪模块相组合方式,在实际处理中取得了明显效果。叠前去噪需要把握好尺度,尽可能地保护有效信息不受损失;压制干扰波需遵循循序渐进的方式,分步处理,先强后弱,先线性后随机,形成一套去噪流程,并联合使用多种技术方法。实践证明,上述方法对羌塘盆地的干扰波压制十分有效。     

Quartz OSL sensitivity from dating data for provenance analysis of pleistocene and holocene fluvial sediments from lowland Amazonia

The properties of the quartz luminescence signal have been shown to be a useful tool for sediment provenance analysis. These provenance studies are based on the sensitivity of the fast optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) component, which is also used for sediment dating. Besides the widespread occurrence of quartz in terrigenous sediments, OSL sensitivity can be acquired using relatively fast and low-cost measurements compared to sediment provenance analysis methods based on accessory minerals or isotopes. Additionally, laboratories worldwide already have an extensive database of recorded quartz OSL signals primarily measured for dating studies, and these data could potentially be repurposed for provenance analysis of Quaternary sedimentary systems through OSL sensitivity calculation. Here, we investigate the use of OSL quartz signals measured in sediment dating surveys for OSL sensitivity calculation and evaluation of changes in sediment sources. The OSL sensitivity was calculated and expressed as %BOSL_F, which corresponds to the percentage of the fast OSL component signal (blue stimulation) to the total OSL curve; such approach is advantageous as it does not require any normalisation of the measured signal intensity to dose or aliquot size (weight). Three sets of samples from Amazonian fluvial sediments are investigated: two sets of Holocene floodplain sediments representing different sediment sources to the Amazonian fluvial system, i.e. the Amazon craton and the Andes Mountain belt, and a set of samples from the Içá Formation, a paleo-fluvial system active during the Pleistocene whose provenance is not fully known. Results show that the quartz OSL signal derived from the first test doses (T_n) applied in dating protocols had the best performance for %BOSL_F calculation when compared to results from a measurement protocol designed specifically for sediment provenance analysis. There is significant correlation (R² = 88) between sensitivities derived from T_n and a specific OSL provenance analysis protocol. The proposed approach indicates to be appropriate for sediment provenance analysis since it is able to discriminate signal differences among samples from known sources: Brazilian cratonic quartz yield high sensitivity values (mean %BOSL_F >70), in contrast to the relatively lower values from Andean quartz (mean %BOSL_F <50). In general, quartz OSL sensitivities from the Içá Formation samples fall into the same range of modern sediments transported by the Içá and Japurá rivers draining the Andean Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and Ecuador. We also observe a decrease in quartz OSL sensitivity during the Holocene, notably after 4 ka, with younger deposits showing lower sensitivity. Sediment provenance variations are discussed in terms of watershed rearrangement and/or precipitation-driven changes during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene across Amazonia.     

The tidal signals extraction from GPS data on the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Tidal motion is the source of short-term vertical motion that an ice shelf experiences, and hence has a significant impact on ice shelves. During the 2003/2004 Austral summer season, five days of GPS measurements were carried out on the front of the Amery Ice Shelf （AIS）, East Antarctica, by the 20th Chinese National Antarctica Research Expedition （CHINARE）. The GPS data was processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software with 2-hour static data segment and the vertical precision is less than 0.18 m. To verify our results for the vertical component, we compare the ice shelf GPS tidal signal with a tidal result derived from tide gauge measurements at China＇s Zhongshan Station on Antarctica. Comparison of the GPS results with the tide gauge were in good agreement in amplitude at the few cm level, which indicates that the tide under the front of Amery Ice Shelf is irregular semidiurnal tide, the maximal tidal differences is approximately 2 m. GPS data can be used to validate the ocean tide model around the Antarctic area and such studies are important to improve our knowledge of the Antarctic ice shelf mass balance and dynamical models of ice sheet/ocean interaction.     

基于希尔伯特变换的Chirp信号浅地层剖面数据分析及转换

浅地层剖面系统在海洋工程勘察、海洋矿产资源探测等方面发挥着重要的作用。美国EdgeTech公司生产的3200系列是一种应用较为广泛的Chirp信号浅地层剖面系统,该仪器原始记录的JSF格式数据与传统的SEGY地震数据格式存在很多不同的地方,具体体现在文件头和道头部分,特别是数据记录方式上它同时记录了包络信号和振幅信号两种类型的数据。因此,编写适用的C程序代码将JSF原始数据转换为包络信号和振幅信号两种类型的SEG-Y标准地震数据,并运用该程序读取并转换了南海北部某区域的实测浅剖数据,并分析了浅剖资料解释中采用包络信号数据的原因,为利用振幅信号数据反演海底反射系数等后续工作奠定了基础。     

一种新的固体潮观测数据特征量提取方法

将经验模态分解方法应用于固体潮观测数据的处理,通过对模态分量从频域上以及从固体潮调和分析结果上与原始观测数据进行对比证明：经验模态分解可以将固体潮观测数据完整地分离成5种特征量：潮汐观测高频信号、半日波信号、周日波信号、潮汐观测低频信号和观测数据的长趋势变化。     

小波分解-STFT方法在地形变观测数据中的应用

把小波分解与短时傅里叶变换（STFT）相结合,实现了对信号高频部分和低频部分的精细分解,同时给出信号高频部分的时频谱,结果直观明确,计算过程简单。这种方法不仅可以作为连续形变观测数据的常规分析方法,也可用于其他连续观测数据的分析。     

基于多道信噪能量统计的微地震有效信号识别方法

在微地震监测中有效微地震信号的识别是关键步骤。常规的微地震有效信号识别方法基于单道长短时窗能量比,受噪音影响较大,对于信噪比较低的事件无法准确识别。利用多道记录数据之间的信号相关性好而信号与噪音相关性差的特点,通过记录道自相关求取总能量和相邻记录互相关求取信号能量,以有效信号能量所占比即含信能量比作为门槛值进行有效信号识别,信号识别过程中利用多道互相关对噪音进行了有效压制,提高了微地震信号识别的压噪能力,通过模型数据和实际资料处理验证了方法的有效性。     

不同供电方式对测震波形记录影响的对比分析

使用同一套测震设备,计算不同供电方式下电源输出信号的自噪声功率谱密度,分析测震专业设备记录波形与电源输出信号之间的相关性,得到了不同电源输出信号的噪声特征,量化了测震专业设备记录波形与电源供电输出信号的关联关系。试验证明,供电方式的改变可以为提高波形记录质量起到很好的作用。