100kHz地波计算方法比较

对于无线电授时、导航来说,地球表面大地电特性非常重要,可以用地波衰减法测定大地等效电特性.目前有若干种方法可用于计算100kHz地波场强衰减和二次相位因子随传播路径的距离、大地电特性和大气折射指数的变化.对几种方法计算的结果和采用的参数作了比较和讨论.结果表明:对于1000km距离的均光滑的地球表面的地波传播而言,中国电波研究所的结果与国际电联有关建议书符合得最好.     

多波束测深系统及其比测试验

多波束测深系统可同时采集多个测点水深,以条带方式对水下地形进行全覆盖测量,由后处理软件(CARIS软件)制作各种比例尺的水下地形图,特别是大比例尺1∶500、1∶1000,可方便地进行新老测图对比,计算冲淤量。整个系统从野外数据采集到室内成图全过程真正实现了自动化和数字化。由于多波束测深系统具有实时监测功能,可以现场监视水下地物地貌的细微变化,因而在堤防安全、溃口、崩岸监测及水下物体摸探打捞等方面具有重要作用。     

东南极Amery冰架与陆地冰分界线的重新划定及验证

根据无线电回波测厚 (RES)数据对东南极Amery冰架与陆地冰分界线进行了重新划定 ,指出该冰架的接地线位置最南一直向内陆延伸到 73 .2°S处 ,距冰架末端最远距离约 5 0 0km。并在该流域选取了两条具有代表性的剖面 ,分别用水面以下的冰厚度与总的冰厚度的比值、流体静力学平衡理论等进行了验证。同时对该地区所在的整个冰流系统用 5kmERS_1/DEM数据和 1kmRAMP/DEM数据 ,GPS实地测量值等对这一结论进行了验证。最后按流体静力学平衡条件对该流域的漂浮冰部分重新进行了标定     

单视SAR图像相干斑回波的特征分析与统计

高分辨率合成孔径雷达的相干斑是由雷达信号的干性引起的，并存在于所有相干图像中。根据SAR成橡机理，分析了产生的原因特征，给出了SAR相干斑的确切定义、统计方法。实验表明统计结果与传统方法相比更加精确。     

Tri-frequency spectrum method and results for resolving the parameters of Earth’s liquid core free nutation

The parameters of Earth free core nutation (FCN) are two relatively significant geophysical parameters. Sasao et al. (1980) and Wahr and Bergen (1986) provided the theoretical estimation values of FCN parameters. Gwinn, Herring and Shapiro (1987) first obtained the observational values of FCN parameters by very long base Interference (VLBI) at Cambridge University. In the same year, Neuberg and Zürn in former West Germany and Hinderer in France began to retrieve FCN parameters by the observation of gravity tides and introduced the stacking method. The other scholars who researched into the same geophysical problems by applying the data of gravity tides basically followed the stacking method. The results they reached were similar to the observational result of FCN parameters given by Neuberg et al. in 1987. But the observational results of FCN parameters gained from gravity tides were not identical with those from VLBI, mainly because of the large difference of quality of FCN. So there was not an affirmative observational result of FCN parameters since then. In this paper, The authors firstly introduce the tri-frequency spectrum method with clearly geometrical and geophysical meaning for the resolution of FCN parameters, and the observational results of FCN parameters obtained from tide data at three superconducting gravity stations were accordant with those from VLBI, which will be relatively important to arriving at a certain observational result of FCN parameters.     

Tri-frequency spectrum method and results for resolving the parameters of Earth's liquid core free nutation

The parameters of Earth free core nutation (FCN) are two relatively significant geophysical parameters. Sasao et al. (1980) and Wahr and Bergen (1986) provided the theoretical estimation values of FCN parameters. Gwinn, Herring and Shapiro (1987) first obtained the observational values of FCN parameters by very long base Interference (VLBI) at Cambridge University. In the same year, Neuberg and Zürn in former West Germany and Hinderer in France began to retrieve FCN parameters by the observation of gravity tides and introduced the stacking method. The other scholars who researched into the same geophysical problems by applying the data of gravity tides basically followed the stacking method. The results they reached were similar to the observational result of FCN parameters given by Neuberg et al. in 1987. But the observational results of FCN parameters gained from gravity tides were not identical with those from VLBI, mainly because of the large difference of quality of FCN. So there was not an affirmative observational result of FCN parameters since then. In this paper, The authors firstly introduce the tri-frequency spectrum method with clearly geometrical and geophysical meaning for the resolution of FCN parameters, and the observational results of FCN parameters obtained from tide data at three superconducting gravity stations were accordant with those from VLBI, which will be relatively important to arriving at a certain observational result of FCN parameters.     

Physical meaning and prediction efficiency of the load/unload response ratio of rocks in strain-weakening phase before failure

Introduction In studying the instability of a non-linear system, YIN (1987), YIN and YIN (1991), YIN, et al (1994), and Yin, et al (1994, 1995, 2000) have presented a concept of load/unload response ratio (LURR) of the system. When the system is in a stable state, its response process to the load/unload follows the same trajectory on the stress-strain diagram, and the load/unload response ratios are equal. However, when the system departs from a stable state, its response to the load/un…     

Cathodoluminescence, electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy of experimentally shock-metamorphosed zircon

Thorough understanding of the shock metamorphic signatures of zircon could be the basis for the use of this mineral as a powerful tool for the study of old, deeply eroded, and metamorphically overprinted impact structures and formations. This study of the cathodoluminescence (CL) and Raman spectroscopic signatures of experimentally (20-60 GPa) shock-metamorphosed zircon single crystals contributes to the understanding of high-pressure microdeformation in zircon. For all samples, an inverse relationship between the brightness of the backscattered electron (BSE) signal and the corresponding cathodoluminescence intensity was observed. The unshocked sample shows crosscutting, irregular fractures. The 20 GPa sample displays some kind of mosaic texture of CL brighter and darker domains, but does not exhibit any shock metamorphic features in BSE or CL images. The 40 GPa sample shows a high density of lamellar features, which might be explained by the phase transformation between zircon- and scheelite-structure phases of zircon and resulting differences in the energy levels of the activator elements. The CL spectra of unshocked and shocked (20, 40, and 60 GPa) zircon samples are dominated by narrow emission lines and broad bands in the region of visible light and in the near-UV range. The emission lines result from rare earth element activators and the broad bands might be associated with lattice defects. Raman spectra revealed that the unshocked and 20 GPa samples represent zircon-structure material, whereas the 40 GPa sample yielded additional peaks with relatively high peak intensities, which are indicative of the presence of the scheelite-type high-pressure phase. The 60 GPa sample has a Raman signature that is similar to that of an amorphous phase, in contrast to the observations of an earlier TEM study that the crystalline scheelite-structure phase is stable at this shock pressure. The 60 GPa Raman signature cannot be explained at this stage. The results show a clear dependence of the CL and Raman properties of zircon on shock pressure, which confirm the possible usage of these methods as shock indicators.     

Initial rupture process of microearthquakes recorded by high sampling borehole seismographs at the Nojima fault, central Japan

We analyze high sampling waveforms of the initial part of P-wave recorded at the 1800-m-deep borehole seismographs at the Nojima fault from December 1999 to May 2000 to clarify the initial rupture process of microearthquakes. We select 12 events with high S/N, whose magnitudes range from −0.3 to 2.2 and hypocentral distances from 1 to 11 km. We adopt the two different source models by Sato and Hirasawa (1973) and by Sato and Kanamori (1999). The former (model by Sato and Hirasawa (SH model)) generates only a ramp-like onset of velocity pulse. The later (model by Sato and Kanamori (SK model)) is able to generate a weak initial phase that is controlled by a trigger factor and the length of pre-existing crack. We perform the waveform inversion to estimate the optimum source parameters of each model. Waveforms of 5 of the 12 events are clearly reproduced by both SH model and SK model with a large trigger factor and a small length of pre-existing crack. The others are explained by not SH model but only SK model with a small trigger factor and a large length of the pre-existing crack, indicating that the weak initial phase is a nucleation phase and reflects the source process. These seven events satisfy roughly a relation that a large event has a large length of the pre-existing crack; the final crack length is proportional to the length of the pre-existing crack.     

表生介质中铜的赋存相态研究——以敖格道仁诺尔铜多金属矿(化)区为例

表生介质中铜的赋存相态对其表生异常的发育有重要意义。通过对敖格道仁诺尔铜与金属的矿化区内土壤及湖各湖积物中铜的七种赋存相态的分析研究，认为在土壤剖面上的不同层位之间，铜的赋存相态存在差异，而这种差异又随近矿地段和矿体上方土壤空间位置的不同有所变化。铜的这种赋存相态特征受研究区地理景观条件、土壤结构类型、土壤环境的化学物理参数及铜的表生地球化学性质等内外因素制约的。对这些制约因素的深入研究是表生异常形成机制及其评价研究的基础。