The BEAM-project: prediction and assessment of mixture toxicities in the aquatic environment

Freshwater and marine ecosystems are exposed to various multi-component mixtures of pollutants. Nevertheless, most ecotoxicological research and chemicals regulation focus on hazard and exposure assessment of individual substances only, the problem of chemical mixtures in the environment is ignored to a large extent. In contrast, the assessment of combination effects has a long tradition in pharmacology, where mixtures of chemicals are specifically designed to develop new products, e.g. human and veterinary drugs or agricultural and non-agricultural pesticides. In this area, two concepts are frequently used and are thought to describe fundamental relationships between single substance and mixture effects: Independent Action (Response Addition) and Concentration Addition. The question, to what extent these concepts may also be applied in an ecotoxicological and regulatory context may be considered a research topic of major importance, as the concepts would allow to make use of already existing single substance toxicity data for the predictive assessment of mixture toxicities. Two critical knowledge gaps are identified: (a) There is a lack of environmental realism, as a huge part of our current knowledge about the applicability of the concepts is restricted to artificial situations with respect to mixture composition or biological effect assessment. (b) The knowledge on what exactly is needed for using the concepts as tools for the predictive mixture toxicity assessment is insufficient. Both gaps seriously hamper the necessary, scientifically sound consideration of mixture toxicities in a regulatory context.In this paper, the two concepts will be briefly introduced, the necessity of considering the toxicities of chemical mixtures in the environment will be demonstrated and the applicability of Independent Action and Concentration Addition as tools for the prediction and assessment of mixture toxicities will be discussed. An overview of the specific aims and approaches of the BEAM project to fill in the identified knowledge gaps is given and first results are outlined.     

辽宁义县—北票地区义县组地层层序——义县阶标准地层剖面建立和研究之一

义县地区广义的义县组可解体为王家屯组 (暂命名 )和义县组 ;分属王家屯和义县火山旋回 ,前者为偏酸、偏碱性 ,后者主体为中基性、末期为中酸性火山岩系 ,并广泛发育潜火山岩相的玄武玢岩、安山玢岩和火山集块角砾熔岩筒。该区有七个主要沉积层 ,自下而上分别为王家屯组马神庙层、义县组老公沟层、业南沟层、砖城子层、大康堡层、朱家沟层和金刚山层 ;产有较丰富的无脊椎动物、脊椎动物和植物化石。以砖城子层、大康堡层和金刚山层为界 ,义县火山旋回可划分为 4个亚旋回 ,分别代表火山活动的初始期、主期、晚期和末期。北票四合屯地区的义县组相当义县地区义县组的第一和第二亚旋回 ,含鸟类化石的主沉积层 (尖山沟层和上园层 )可与砖城子层对比     

Paleoclimate Changes during the Early Oiigocene in the Hoh Xil Region, Northern Tibetan Plateau

Sedimentological, cyclic-stratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and clay-mineralogical studies on the early Oligocene Yaxicuo Group in the Hoh Xil Basin, the largest Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, provide abundant information of paleoclimate changes. A 350-m thick section in the middle-lower Yaxicuo Group was analyzed to reveal the climatic history that occurred in the Hoh Xil region during the early Oligocene interval 31.30-30.35 Ma, dated with the paleomagnetic chronostratigraphy. The results indicate that add and cold climate dominated the Hoh Xil region during the early Oligocene in general, being related to the global cooling and drying events that occurred in the earliest Oligocene. Within this period, relatively warm and wet climate accompanied by strong tectonic activity occurred in the 31.05-30.75 Ma interval; while add and cold climate and relatively inactive tectonics occurred in the 31.30-31.05 and 30.75-30.35 Ma intervals. Furthermore, spectral analyses of high-temporal resolution paleoclimatic records show orbital periods including eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. It is concluded that paleoclimate changes during the early Oligocene in the Hoh Xil region were forced by both tectonic activity and orbital periods.     

Paleoecology of two marine oxygen isotope stage 7 sites correlated by the Sheep Creek tephra, northwestern North America

Pollen analysis at two sites, correlated by the presence of the 190,000 yr-old Sheep Creek tephra, documents fluctuations in vegetation and climate consistent with this date and indicates that the records span marine oxygen isotope stage 7 and the stage 6/7 transition. Dawson Cut, near Fairbanks, Alaska, provides a 5.2-m-long pollen record of interglacial boreal forest succeeded by shrub tundra and then forest/tundra. Ash Bend, Stewart River, central Yukon, provides a 9.5-m-long record of interglacial boreal forest succeeded by forest/tundra, shrub tundra, and herbaceous tundra. The replacement of forest at both sites by more open or tundra vegetation indicates warm interglacial conditions giving way to cold and arid climate. It is not clear whether stage 7 was warmer than the present. The warm-cool-warm climate oscillation evident at both sites may correlate to Lake Baikal substages 7a, 7b, and 7c. Sheep Creek tephra fell on forest/tundra vegetation.     

现代区域开发的矿产资源需求生命周期研究及意义

矿产资源是社会经济发展的重要物质基础，受社会经济和科学技术发展的限制，各类矿产资源的需求存在着从初始，增长，停滞和衰落的周期性变化以及明显的空间分嘏差异。     

THE LIFE-CYCLE OF MINERAL CONSUMPTION IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLICATION

Ｉ.ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｈｉｓｔｏｒｙｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎａｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｉｎｔｈｅｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｃｉｅｔｉｅｓａｎｄｃｉｖｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ.ＴｈｅｖｅｒｙｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓｏｎＭａｎ’ｓｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｔｒａｃｅｄｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆＭａｎ’ｓａｃｑｕａｉｎｔａｎｃｅｗｉｔｈｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ—ｔｈｅＰｒｅｓｔｏｎｅＡｇｅ,ｔｈｅＳｔｏｎｅＡｇｅ,ｔｈｅＢｒｏｎｚｅＡｇｅ,ｔｈｅＩｒｏｎＡｇｅ,…     

宿松茅口阶沉积成岩研究

宿松地区茅口阶为一连续的海退沉积序列，先后发育浅海陆棚相、开阔台地相、颗粒滩相。所经历的成岩作用主要有胶结、重结晶、白云石化、压溶、溶蚀及充填等．本文还对成岩环境进行了讨论。     

天山东段尾亚地区白尖山超单元特征

早石炭世白尖山超单元横亘于尾亚站东西两侧，沙泉子断裂以南的狭长地带（研究区长５０余千米，宽３～６ｋｍ）。它是北部觉洛塔格早石炭世火山型被动陆缘与其南（以沙泉子断裂为界）卡瓦布拉克古陆块汇聚事件的产物。这次事件导致沿卡瓦布拉克地块北缘成线状分布的巨大岩基链的形成，即该带事实上成为一个活动陆缘弧──白尖山岩浆弧（白尖山超单元）。根据各岩石单元的接触关系，白尖山超单元由早至晚为辉长岩—石英闪长岩—花岗闪长岩—二长花岗岩—钾长花岗岩—碱长花岗岩。从沙泉子断裂向南，大体上反映出偏基性的石英闪长岩单元偏北侧分布，钾长花岗岩及碱长花岗岩单元偏南分布，表现出当时碰撞带的特性。由于晚石炭世末受到韧性剪切作用，大部分产生塑性变形，成为初糜棱岩—超糜棱岩的花岗质岩石，宏观上似具片麻状构造。无论从岩石学、岩石化学及地球化学特征方面来看，均具同源岩浆演化的特征。白尖山超单元侵入于含早石炭世动物化石的卡拉火大山组中，被二叠纪尾亚超单元组合（原尾亚岩体）侵入，测定Ｕ—Ｐｂ同位素年龄为３３８．４Ｍａ及３２５．２４Ｍａ，从而确定白尖山超单元形成时代为早石炭世。     

滇东早寒武世梅树村期浅色粘土岩层的地球化学特征和地质意义

滇东早寒武世梅树村期含磷岩系中出现的十多层浅色粘土岩层为酸性火山灰蚀变而成的变斑脱岩，它们是火山喷发事件和事件地层对比的标志。这些浅色粘土岩层中稳定微量元素Ｈｆ、Ｎｂ、Ｙ、Ｔｈ、Ｚｒ含量高于非火山成因的粘土，而Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ含量低于筇竹寺组泥岩。ＴｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｚｒ／Ｈｆ、Ｔｉ／Ｔｈ比值属于酸性岩浆范围，球粒标准化稀土元素配分模式和具中至大的Ｅｕ负异常类似于花岗岩稀土配分模式。岩浆判别图指示了梅树村期变斑脱岩具板内花岗岩位置的亚碱性流纹岩和粗面岩岩浆亲缘性。变斑脱岩在地层序列上和区域上分布表明扬子地台西缘早寒武世初期火山活动频繁，火山喷发事件与古大陆解体和板内拉张构造运动有关。     

贵州三都早奥陶世同高组下燕高页岩段的生物标志化合物

本文着重报道了贵州三都早奥陶世同高组下燕高页岩段生物标志化合物特征，首次在采自该层位的样品中检出丰富的正烷烃、链状类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物及甾类化合物。测试结果显示:正烷烃图谱呈双驼峰形，碳数分布为ｎＣ_１５～ｎＣ_３５，以ｎＣ_１８为主峰碳，ｎＣ_２９为次主峰碳，Ｃ－_２１/Ｃ＋_２２为０.７７～１.０２，ＯＥＰ为０.９４～１.０４；植烷占优势，Ｐｒ/Ｐｈ为０.４０～０.４６；藿烷碳数为Ｃ_２７～Ｃ_３５，以Ｃ_３０占优势，Ｃ_２７＋Ｃ_２９＜Ｃ＋_３１；仅见碳数分布为Ｃ_２０～Ｃ_２９的长链三环二萜烷，以Ｃ_２８为主峰碳；甾烷丰度顺序为Ｃ_２９甾烷＞Ｃ_２７甾烷＞Ｃ_２８甾烷，同时检出了孕甾烷和４－甲基甾烷。生物标志化合物显示出还原环境特点，且可能主要来自藻类。