黄骅坳陷三马地区中深层储层孔隙发育及主控因素分析

本文根据储集岩样品的显微特征，分析了黄骅坳陷三马地区下第三系中一深部储层中孔隙的成因类型、微观特征及演化规律。研究表明，研究区储层孔隙演化具有明显的阶段性，可划分为原生孔隙、混合孔隙及次生孔隙3个发育带。中一深部储层中原生孔隙所占比例很小，以次生孔隙为主，随埋藏增大，次生孔隙所占比例相应增加。中深部储层中主要分布3个次生孔隙发育带，其深度分别为3200～3500m，3600～4000m，4200～4500m。次生孔隙类型主要为粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔，也可见到铸模孔和微裂缝。导致原始孔隙降低的主要原因为压实和胶结作用，次生孔隙形成机理主要包括长石、方解石的溶解作用和矿物的转化等。本文还讨论了储层岩相、岩性特征、地层水中有机酸浓度的改变、早期方解石的充填、烃类注入、异常高压及微裂缝等地质与地球化学因素对中深部储层成岩作用和次生孔隙形成与分布的控制作用。     

煤系地层中砂岩火山尘填隙物的成岩作用特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地天然气储层为例

在晚石炭世—早二叠世,鄂尔多斯盆地泥炭沼泽环境下发育的富含火山尘填隙物砂岩是煤成气的主要储集层。研究表明,该类砂岩的原杂基主要由同沉积期初步水化作用的火山尘构成;在煤系地层水环境下,火山尘经过初步水化作用后并不能形成沸石族矿物,主要形成了铝硅酸盐和硅酸盐的微细混合物;在埋藏过程中,砂岩火山尘填隙物的水岩反应受到煤系地层水介质性质及其活动性影响,主要发生脱水收缩作用、溶解作用、蚀变作用、碳酸盐交代作用和重结晶作用;火山尘填隙物的成岩作用在局部范围内可改善天然气储层,但也增强了储层的非均质性。     

Research on Diageneses of Cambrian Shoal Facies Carbonate Rocks in the Xiadong Area, Hubei Province

With continuous outcrops, developed shoal fades rocks, complete types of diagenesis and changeable diagenetic environments, Cambrian strata are well developed in the Xiadong area, Yichang, Hubei Province. Under the combined influence of numerous diageneses, secondary pores can be formed, which result in better reservoir properties of the rock strata.The Cambrian rocks in this area consist of mainly carbonate rocks and secondarily detrital rocks. The carbonate rocks are dominated by grainstones including wormkalk, calcirudite-calcarenite, oolitic limestone and oncolitic limestone. Graded bedding and cross bedding are well developed in the strata, which indicates that the formation environment is of a high-energy shoal facies.In this area, there has developed a sequence of stable Cambrian platform carbonate deposition. The evolution trend is as follows: open sea shelf facies→intertidal low-energy restricted sea facies→Hntertidal high-energy shoal facies→coastal shoal facies→evaporite tidal-flat facies     

致密砂砾岩储层孔隙结构对比及差异机制研究

致密储层孔隙结构研究对于致密油气的勘探和开发具有重要意义，也是当前致密储层研究的热点。本文以准噶尔盆地三叠系百口泉组致密砾岩和鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组致密砂岩为研究对象，重点开展二维大面积背散射扫描电镜成像技术（Maps）、高压压汞、微米CT和聚焦离子束扫描电镜技术（FIB- SEM）等分析测试，采用定性和定量相结合的方法对致密砾岩和致密砂岩孔隙结构特征进行表征和对比，并进一步揭示了两者的成因机制差异。研究结果表明：百口泉组致密砾岩较延长组致密砂岩储层物性好，前者孔隙度和渗透率平均为9. 29%和1. 65×10-3 μm2，后者孔隙度和渗透率平均为8. 85%和0. 39×10-3 μm2；百口泉组致密砾岩较延长组致密砂岩孔喉尺寸偏大、孔隙连通性较差及孔隙结构更为复杂，前者孔喉半径主要分布在0~200 nm和2~10 μm范围内，平均连通率60. 63%，平均孔喉配位数3. 0446，后者孔喉半径主要分布于0~4 μm范围内，平均连通率73. 60%，平均孔喉配位数2. 7832；差异化沉积作用和成岩作用是导致百口泉组致密砾岩和延长组致密砂岩孔隙结构特征差异的根本原因。     

碳酸盐成岩作用研究现状与前瞻

碳酸盐成岩作用是沉积学最为活跃的领域之一,与之有关的研究成果会直接影响人们对碳酸盐油气储层形成机制和层控矿床形成机制的理解。近年来,碳酸盐成岩作用在多个领域取得了令人瞩目的研究成果,主要包括以下几个方面:(1)实验室沉淀白云石获得成功:人们模拟海水(泻湖)条件下的细菌硫酸盐还原环境,在常温下沉淀出具有序反射的白云石。(2)热液白云化作为新的主流模式成为关注的热点:人们已认识到热液白云岩储层、沉积-喷流型铅锌矿床和Mississippi河谷型铅锌矿床具有共同的形成机制,它们均受构造(伸展、走滑构造)和热流体流动的强烈控制。(3)深埋藏条件下封闭系统的白云化作用受到关注:一些对油气储集空间和层控矿床有较大意义的白云化作用主要是在相对封闭条件下发生的,在对岩石储集空间的变化的贡献上以及在相应的地球化学指标上不同于开放条件下的白云化作用。(4)混合水白云化模式受到质疑:人们重新研究了作为混合水白云化典型地点的美国威斯康星弧碳酸盐的成岩作用,根据流体包裹体分析、阴极发光分析、偏光显微镜观察及稳定同位素分析等方法并结合有机物成熟度的数据,得出威斯康星弧与白云化有关的水-岩相互作用是由与温度升高有关的浓卤水导致的,白云化作用是热水成岩作用的结果。(5)淡水环境的成岩机制受到挑战:新近研究证明,大范围的低位体系域中可以没有具化学活性的淡水透镜体,海水环境同样可以产生成熟的石灰岩,细菌硫酸盐还原作用可以引起海水对碳酸盐的不饱和。(6)锶同位素在海相碳酸盐研究中的广泛应用:由于锶同位素不像氧、碳同位素那样因温度、压力和微生物作用而分馏,矿物可直接反映流体的同位素组成,地质历史中海水锶同位素组成也具有独特的长期变化趋势,这使得海相碳酸盐的锶同位素组成在沉积期后流体示踪中得到广泛应用。(7)硫酸盐还原作用对碳酸盐成岩作用的影响受到重视:如BSR和TSR可减小SO42-对白云石沉淀(或白云化)的动力学屏障,其产物H2S和CO2可在不同条件下对碳酸盐储层产生影响,BSR和TSR可提高成岩流体锶含量,甚至在形成天青石矿床中也具极大的潜在价值。     

Thermal evolution of the Earth: Secular changes and fluctuations of plate characteristics

The average secular cooling rate of the Earth can be deduced from compositional variations of mantle melts through time and from rheological conditions at the onset of sub-solidus convection at the end of the initial magma ocean phase. The constraint that this places on the characteristics of mantle convection in the past are investigated using the global heat balance equation and a simple parameterization for the heat loss of the Earth. All heat loss parameterization schemes depend on a closure equation for the maximum age of oceanic plates. We use a scheme that accounts for the present-day distribution of heat flux at Earth's surface and that does not depend on any assumption about the dynamics of convection with rigid plates, which remain poorly understood. We show that heat supply to the base of continents and transient continental thermal regimes cannot be ignored. We find that the maximum sea floor age has not changed by large amounts over the last 3 Ga. Calculations lead to a maximum temperature at an age of about 3 Ga and cannot be extrapolated further back in time. By construction, these calculations are based on the present-day tectonic regime characterized by the subduction of large oceanic plates and hence indicate that this regime did not prevail until an age of about 3 Ga. According to this interpretation, the onset of rapid continental growth occurred when the current plate regime became stable.     

2021年5月21日云南漾濞地震及5月22日青海玛多地震的支持向量机震级估算

2021年5月21日及5月22日,云南漾濞县与青海玛多县分别发生破坏性地震,主震震级分别为M_s6.4级与M_s7.4级。本文基于机器学习中的支持向量机方法,以多类型特征参数为输入建立地震预警震级估算模型SVM-M,离线模拟云南漾濞M_s5.6级前震、M_s6.4级主震以及青海玛多M_s7.4级主震的连续震级估算。结果表明:对于云南漾濞M_s5.6级前震,支持向量机方法在首台触发后1s可估算震级为5.6级,且随着首台触发时间的增加,估算震级一直在实际震级附近波动;对于云南漾濞M_s6.4级主震和青海玛多M_s7.4级主震,随着首台触发时间的增加,支持向量机方法对于大震低估问题得到了有效的改善,且震级估算结果逐渐接近实际震级。同时,这3次地震的震级估算离线模拟表明:引入震源距的支持向量机方法（SVM-M1模型）对于震级估算有更好的稳定性,且在地震预警系统的震级估算中有着潜在的应用前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地正宁地区延长组长6、长8砂岩储层成岩作用特征

鄂尔多斯盆地正宁地区主要储集岩——三叠系延长组长6、长8砂岩,是典型的低孔低渗储集岩,具有粒径细、成分成熟度低、磨圆度较差、分选性差的特点。运用铸体薄片、X衍射、电镜扫描、镜质体反射率测定及物性分析等资料,研究了延长组长6、长8段的成岩作用特征,分析了它们对储层物性的影响状况,确定了储层砂岩的成岩作用阶段．成岩阶段普遍达到晚成岩A期;成岩作用对本区砂岩储层孔隙演化起着重要的控制作用,成岩早期浅埋藏阶段的机械压实作用和成岩晚期的铁方解石和铁白云石胶结作用是储层孔隙度降低和物性变差的主要原因。     

鸳鸯沟洼陷西斜坡成岩作用定量表征及有利区带预测

储层实测孔隙度、普通薄片、铸体薄片和扫描电镜的资料表明,辽河坳陷鸳鸯沟洼陷西斜坡新生界储层在纵向上发育三个次生孔隙带。从而在一个普遍低孔渗背景下,形成了孔隙度相对较高的优质储层。优质储层的形成和分布主要受沉积微相和成岩作用的双重影响与控制。它们形成于辫状分流河道、河口坝+席状砂沉积微相,目前处于早成岩阶段B期—中成岩阶段A1亚期,发育溶蚀成岩相。该文通过成岩作用定量表征方法,预测了鸳鸯沟洼陷西斜坡成岩阶段和成岩相的横向展布。通过成岩相图和沉积微相图的叠合,预测了沙三中上亚段优质储层的分布。预测结果表明,优质储层主要发育于斜坡区的中部。     

Silicification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: an example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of central Spain

Cauliflower-shaped nodules are widespread in a single red mudstone bed in the Buntsandstein (Triassic) facies of the Iberian Range. They consist mostly of quartz, dolomite and calcite, but other minerals, such as barite, kaolinite and iron oxyhydroxides, are also present. The nodules are spherical, ovoid or elongate in shape and range from 1 to 8 cm across. The surface of the nodules is irregular, and some show a pedogenic coating of microspar. The sedimentological and petrographic data suggest that the initial anhydrite nodules formed through a progressive increase in the porewater concentration of Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2– in a vadose environment, occasionally under the influence of pedogenic processes. Partial replacement of the anhydrite by megaquartz occurred under more dilute conditions in the same type of setting, as indicated by the presence of organic filaments on the quartz crystal surfaces. In type A nodules, the dissolution of the innermost anhydrite was complete, and different types of quartz cement filled the porosity. Fracturing and meteoric cementation by calcite and minor amounts of kaolinite were the latest processes affecting these nodules. In type B nodules, the dissolution of the anhydrite was incomplete, inhibiting quartz cementation and enabling later dolomitization of the anhydrite. Dolomitization appears to have been driven by sulphate reduction, as indicated by the presence of bacterial bodies within the dolomite crystals. Dedolomitization and precipitation of barite, kaolinite and calcite spar cements occurred later under the influence of meteoric solutions. The nodules may mark the former locations of the water table and provide evidence for an episode of highly evaporitic conditions throughout wide areas of the basin. Their occurrence reveals not only a complex diagenetic history but is also indicative of palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic conditions.