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41.
D. J. Gilvear 《水文研究》1989,3(3):261-276
Reservoir release wave routing during 33 controlled reservoir releases, along 15 upland boulder bed river channel reaches, on five different regulated rivers were monitored to assess the importance of river channel roughness and reservoir release magnitude on reservoir release wave speeds. Wave speeds varied between 0.52 and 3.01 m s?1. Reservoir release wave translation, steepening, and attenuation occurred. With high channel roughness values reservoir release wave arrival speed is retarded in comparison to peak stage and wave steepening occurs, but with a reduction in channel roughness reservoir release wave front arrival is accelerated producing attentuation. The threshold between reservoir release wave front attenuation and steepening occurs at a pre-release discharge/channel width of approximately 0.1, an index of channel roughness. The paper also demonstrates, via comparison of observed and calculated reservoir release wave speeds on the River Washburn, Yorkshire, the difficulty of accurately predicting flood wave movement in upland boulder bed channels using existing prediction equations. The calculated values, however, revealed systematic error with pre-release discharge and reservoir release magnitude. Apparently the equations fail to account for the effects of high channel roughness together with pressure gradient forces, induced by rapid rates of stage change on the rising limb of reservoir releases. In order to accurately predict reservoir release wave movement in regulated rivers, this paper demonstrates that hydraulic studies need to be undertaken and pre-release discharges prescribed to determine desired reservoir release wave routing behaviour. Manipulation of the reservoir release pattern at the dam alone, cannot dictate reservoir release wave front form downstream or wave speed. 相似文献
42.
The Harvard CMT catalogue contains 481 shallow earthquakes that occurred between 1 January 1977 and 30 November 2005 within
a broad region defined by the geographical latitude from 3°S to 14°N and by the longitude from 91°E to 102°E. There are 230
events that occurred before the great earthquake of 26 December 2004. Their surface distribution is not uniform and the source
area of the 2004 great event appears as an area of seismic quiescence with a radius of about 100 km. There are 186 events
that occurred between the two great earthquakes of 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005. Practically all of them are located
to the northwest from the great earthquake of 2005, that in turn was followed by 63 events, mostly located to the southeast.
The cumulative seismic moment from earthquakes before the occurrence of the great event of 2004 increased rather regularly
with time, with sudden increase about twenty years and two years before the occurrence of the great event. The seismic moment
of earthquakes between the two great events increased rapidly during the first ten-fifteen days, then flattened out and increased
slowly with time. After the great event of 2005 the seismic moment shows quiet increase during some 115 days, then sudden
jump, followed by very small activity till the end of our observations. From the spatial distribution of seismic moment of
earthquakes that occurred before the great event of 2004 it follows that its largest release appeared to the southeast from
the great event, around the rupture area of the great earthquake of 2005. The largest release of seismic moment from earthquakes
between the two great events is observed in the vicinity of the 2004 event and further up to the north. The seismic moment
from earthquakes that occurred after the great event of 2005 was mostly released in its vicinity and further down to the south. 相似文献
43.
R. Mackay J.A. Morakinyo 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2006,20(3):213-222
An industrial site is usually contaminated by accidental (and occasionally intentional) releases of pollutants to the environment
from various operations carried out on that site. Consequently, the pattern of contamination created during the life of the
site depends in part, at least, on the pattern of operations. Thus, the assessment of the pattern of contamination over the
site should be improved: if it is possible to identify the pattern of operations on the site, the duration of the different
activities and the perceived likelihood of releases from the different operations. A stochastic model has been developed that
can be used to simulate alternative realizations of contaminant releases (duration, extent and timing). The model employs
release zones associated with particular activities or groups of activities on the site and the areas of each of the zones
may be independent or overlapping. The period of activity in each zone is obtained from the site records, while the likelihood
and extent of contamination in each zone is inferred from an analysis of the contamination data obtained by point sampling.
The form of the model, the method of inference of the model parameter values from the site data and the application of the
model to the study site are presented. The release model has been developed as part of a suite of stochastic models for site
ground contamination analysis. The stochastic soil and transport models and the application of the integrated modelling system
are described in separate papers. 相似文献
44.
《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(2):146-156
Many of the dams built in estuaries in the last century have difficulty with water quality management.Numerous factors have affected the estuary lake water,most importantly external loadings,tidal currents,and increases in the phosphorus(P) release from sediment,so that most water quality characteristics in the estuary are highly interactive and dynamic.In the current study,water quality measurements were made in the laboratory and field,and a series of phosphorus release experiments was done to understand the behavior of P in an estuary lake.The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand(COD),chlorophyll-a(Chl-a),and total P(TP) showed an increasing trend when the pollutant loading of the influent stream water was high.The measurements showed increasing trends,which indicates the constituents are produced in the internal environment of the lake.When a large amount of freshwater flowed in from the upper watershed,density stratification was observed,which forms strongly because of the salinity of seawater.During the period of stratification,a hypoxic layer formed,which can accelerate P release.Comparing the open and dosed conditions of the release experiments,the P release rate was much higher under the closed condition than under the open condition.The maximum P release rates from the sediment collected from the five main sites of the lake were more than 2.5 times the P loading from the inflowing streams in April.Spatially,the release rate was higher mid-reservoir than down-reservoir where a halocline was evident The pollutant load discharged from the tributary watershed was deposited on the bottom mid-reservoir,whereas it was washed out downreservoir because of the density stratification and strong tide in that area.To sustainably manage water quality and decrease lake eutrophication in brackish environments formed by freshwater from streams mixing with seawater entering through sluice dikes,different measures than those applied in strictly freshwater environments are required.Considering the spatial characteristics of an estuary lake,these measures include 1) blocking settleable particles discharged from the rivers upstream,2) controlling hypoxia to avoid P release from the sediment and inhibiting algae growth mid-reservoir,and 3)decreasing stratification caused by the halocline down-reservoir. 相似文献
45.
I. M. Dwairi 《Environmental Geology》1998,34(4):293-296
The renewable and controlled-release fertilization system investigated here uses NH4
+-exchanged phillipsite tuff, from Jordan, to help in the dissolution of phosphate rock. Accordingly, controlled and renewable
soluble nitrogen, phosphate and Ca are released as nutrients for plants. NH4
+ phillipsite can sequester Ca ions released by the dissolution of phosphate rock, therefore, leading to further phosphate
rock dissolution. In this study the results show that the amount of phosphate released is more than that released by phosphate
rock alone. This method offers an alternative to the use of highly soluble fertilizers and may avoid environmental problems
associated with their extensive use in agriculture.
Received: 22 May 1997 · Accepted: 12 August 1997 相似文献
46.
Feldspar phenocrysts of silicic volcanic rocks are commonly in Sr-isotopic disequilibrium with groundmass. In some cases the feldspar is more radiogenic, and in others it is less radiogenic. Several explanations have been published previously, but none of these is able to accommodate both senses of disequilibrium. We present a model by which either more- or less-radiogenic feldspar (or even both within a single eruptive unit) can originate. The model requires a magma body open to interaction with biotite- and feldspar-bearing wall rock. Magma is incrementally contaminated as wall rock melts incongruently. Biotite preferentially melts first, followed by feldspar. Such melting behavior, which is supported by both field and experimental studies, first contaminates magma with a relatively radiogenic addition, followed by a less-radiogenic addition. Feldspar phenocrysts lag behind melt (groundmass of volcanic rock) in incorporating the influx of contaminant, thus resulting in Sr-isotopic disequilibrium between the crystals and melt. The sense of disequilibrium recorded in a volcanic rock depends on when eruption quenches the contamination process. This model is testable by isotopic fingerprinting of individual feldspar crystals. For a given set of geologic boundary conditions, specific core-to-rim Sr-isotopic profiles are expectable. Moreover, phenocrysts that nucleate at different times during the contamination process should record different and predictable parts of the history. Initial results of Sr-isotopic fingerprinting of sanidine phenocrysts from the Taylor Creek Rhyolite are consistent with the model. More tests of the model are desirable. 相似文献
47.
48.
49.
Victoria Bannister Peter Roeder Alexei Poustovetov 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)
Small euhedral chromite crystals are found in olivine macrophenocrysts (Fo80–84) from the basaltic andesites (150 ppm Cr) erupted in 1943–1947, and in orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts of the andesites (75 ppm Cr) erupted in 1947–1952. The majority of the chromite octahedra are 5–20 μm in diameter, and some are found in clusters and linear chains of three or more oriented chromite crystals. The composition of the majority of the chromite grains within olivine and orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts is Fe2+/(Fe2++Mg)=0.5–0.6, Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.5–0.6 and Fe3+/(Fe3++Al+Cr)=0.2–0.3. The chromite crystals in contact with the groundmass are larger, subhedral, and grade in composition from chromite cores to magnetite rims. Comparison of the composition of chromite with those of other volcanic rocks shows that the most primitive Paricutin chromite is richer in total iron and higher in Fe3+/(Fe3++Al+Cr) than primary chromite in most lavas. The linear chains of oriented chromite octahedra are found in olivine and orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts, and in the groundmass. These chromite chains are thought to result from diffusion-controlled crystallization because of the very high partition coefficient (1000) of Cr between chromite and melt. We conclude that chromite was a primary phase in the lavas at the time of extrusion and that magnetite only crystallized after extrusion during cooling of the lava flows. The presence of chromite microphenocrysts in andesitic lavas containing as little as 70 ppm Cr can be explained by dissolved H2O in the melt depressing the liquidus temperature for orthopyroxene such that chromite becomes a liquidus phase. The influence of dissolved H2O can also explain the lack of plagioclase macrophenocrysts in most of the lavas and the relatively high partition coefficient (20) of Ni between olivine and melt and the high partition coefficient (40) of Cr between orthopyroxene and melt. The liquidus temperature of the basaltic andesite is estimated to have been less than 1140°C, assuming H2O>1 wt.%, and the log fO2 to have been above that of the QFM buffer. The chromite and orthopyroxene liquidus temperature of the andesites, assuming H2O>1 wt.%, is estimated to have been 1100°C or less. The derivation of the later andesites from the earlier basaltic andesites has been explained by a combination of fractional crystallization of olivine, orthopyroxene and plagioclase, and assimilation of xenoliths. The significantly lower Cr, Ni and Mg of the andesites may have been in part due to the separation of olivine macrophenocrysts plus enclosed chromite crystals from the earlier basaltic andesites. 相似文献
50.
利用牡蛎壳粉制备缓释氮肥的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目前我国化肥当季利用率中,氮约为30%~35%.磷为10%~25%,钾为35%~50%远低于世界发达国家水平,造成肥料利用率低的主要原因是淋溶损失,尤以氮肥、钾肥为最。人们正在努力寻求提高肥料利用率的方法,其中之一是对肥料本身进行改性,开发适合于作物生长需求的新型肥料。研制缓/控释肥料是世界各国普遍采用的有效措施之一。缓释肥料的优点是利用率高,养分损失少,环境友好。但是,目前所用的作为缓释材料的高分子聚合物一般是难降解或不能降解,长期施用也会引起土壤污染。牡蛎壳为一种新型的天然材料, 相似文献