航空矢量重力测量水平分量的带限直接地形影响

基于第二类Helmert凝聚法的级数展开式,独立推导了航空矢量重力测量水平分量带限直接地形影响的计算公式。在中国西部山区选取了两条沿纬圈方向4000m航线高度上的航线,采用 的数字高程模型基于解析核计算了水平分量的直接地形影响,经低通滤波后与基于带限公式计算的地形影响进行了比较。数值计算结果表明,二者吻合较好,本文给出的带限地形影响公式可用于航空矢量重力测量水平分量的地形归算。     

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A graphic expression of salinization and pollution of groundwater The case of Israel's groundwater

 Anthropogenic activities create various contaminated leachate, which can migrate downward from the vadose zone to groundwater, transferring contaminants, including some hazardous ones. When these various sources of contamination influence the groundwater aquifer simultaneously, the effects of contamination are enhanced. The major concern of this study has been to determine whether the shape of a groundwater chlorograph might be the result of such deterministic effects as accumulation of one or more particular processes of groundwater contamination, and how this might relate to specific hydrological situations. This study proposes a classification of groundwater contamination on the basis of properties of the main components of groundwater quality graphs and the corresponding hydrogeological/environmental situation. The study further suggests that contamination of groundwater in any hydrogeological situation (e.g. sea water) may be graphically expressed. A variety of chlorographs and nitrographs, representative of various groundwater aquifers sampled from a number of wells throughout Israel attest to this. The study thus indicates that groundwater quality graphs may be considered as a complementary tool for groundwater quality control and better understanding aquifer situations.     

DEPENDENCE BETWEEN FUSION TEMPERATURES AND CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF A CERTAIN TYPE OF COAL USING CLASSICAL,NON-PARAMETRIC AND BOOTSTRAP TECHNIQUES

A statistical study of the dependence between various critical fusion temperatures of a certain kind ofcoal and its chemical components is carried out.As well as using classical dependence techniques(multiple,stepwise and PLS regression,principal components,canonical correlation,etc.)together withthe corresponding inference on the parameters of interest,non-parametric regression and bootstrapinference are also performed.     

Understanding carbonate factories through palaeoecological and sedimentological signals – Tribute to Luis Pomar

The carbonate factories, their controlling factors and their palaeoecological and sedimentological signals recorded in sedimentary successions are key elements for understanding the evolution of carbonate platform systems. Luis Pomar has dedicated most of his academic life to the study of carbonate rocks and carbonate factories. The idea for this special issue to celebrate Pomar’s career arose during a session at the 34^th International Association of Sedimentologists meeting held in Rome, entitled ‘Understanding carbonate factories through palaeoecological and geochemical signals’. The proposal encountered great response among participants, and additional contributions followed an email invitation to other specialists. This issue contains a variety of papers on carbonate sedimentology and carbonate factories. Here, an introduction that contextualizes the papers and key concepts discussed in this thematic issue is provided. It reviews Luis Pomar’s major achievements in carbonate sedimentology and discusses the evolution of the concept of the carbonate factory and the series of palaeoecological and sedimentological signals used to characterize the wide spectrum of carbonate depositional systems found in the natural world.     

基于GeoDa的爱丁堡市犯罪行为与位置关系分析

近年来,犯罪和暴力问题已经成为人们重点关注的社会热点问题,其严重影响社会和谐以及人民日常生活质量.暴力犯罪行为可能由于多种原因引起,其中之一就是就业情况.公众普遍认为,高失业率将引发高犯罪率,因此检测就业情况与犯罪行为之间的关系就显得尤为重要.本文将主要针对不同类型犯罪行为以及总犯罪率与失业率之间的关系进行分析,以便分析其中的关系和联系.在GeoDa软件的帮助下,可以形成一系列图表来帮助得到需要的结果.暴力犯罪、毒品犯罪和入室犯罪将作为典型犯罪类型进行单独分析.从1980年开始,苏格兰政府开始进行了一系列的统计,其主要目的是检测苏格兰地区的所有基本参数以便为苏格兰研究机构提供帮助.本文基于苏格兰政府SIMD统计参数,并主要针对爱丁堡这一苏格兰政治经济中心同时也是苏格兰首府进行分析.     

Quantifying the variability and allocation patterns of aboveground carbon stocks across plantation forest types,structural attributes and age in sub-tropical coastal region of KwaZulu Natal,South Africa using remote sensing

Quantifying the variability and allocation patterns of aboveground carbon stocks across plantation forests is central in deriving accurate and reliable knowledge and understanding of the extent to which these species contribute to the global carbon cycle and towards minimizing climate change effects. The principal objective of this study was to quantify the variability and allocation patterns of aboveground carbon stocks across Pinus and Eucalyptus plantation forests, tree-structural attributes (i.e. stems, barks, branches and leaves) and age groups, using models developed based on remotely sensed data. The results of this study demonstrate that aboveground carbon stocks significantly (α = 0.05) vary across different plantation forest species types, structural attributes and age. Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus grandis species contained aboveground carbon stocks above 110 t C ha⁻¹, and Eucalyptus dunii had 20 t C ha⁻¹. Across plantation forest tree structural attributes, stems contained the highest aboveground carbon stocks, when compared to barks, branches and leaves. Aboveground carbon stock estimates also varied significantly (α = 0.05) with stand age. Mature plantation forest species (i.e. between 7 and 20 years) contained the highest aboveground carbon stock estimates of approximately 120 t C ha⁻¹, when compared to younger species (i.e. between 3 and 6 years), which had approximately 20 t C ha⁻¹. The map of aboveground carbon stocks showed distinct spatial patterns across the entire study area. The findings of this study are important for understanding the contribution of different plantation forest species, structural attributes and age in the global carbon cycle and possible climate change moderation measures. Also, this study demonstrates that data on vital tree structural attributes, previously difficult to obtain, can now be easily derived from cheap and readily-available satellite data for inventorying carbon stocks variability.     

Geochemical constraints on the contribution of Louisville seamount materials to magmagenesis in the Lau back-arc basin,SW Pacific

Seamounts are an integral part of element recycling in global subduction zones. The published trace element and Pb-Sr-Nd isotope data for basaltic lavas from three key segments (Central Lau Spreading Ridge (CLSR), Eastern Lau Spreading Ridge (ELSR), and Valu Fa Ridge (VFR)) of the Lau back-arc basin were compiled to evaluate the contribution of Louisville seamount materials to their magma genesis. Two geochemical transitions, separating three provinces with distinct geochemical characteristics independent of ridge segmentation, were identified based on abrupt geochemical shifts. The origin of the geochemical transitions was determined to be the result of drastic compositional changes of subduction components added into the mantle source, rather than the transition from Indian to Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) mantle, or due to variable mantle fertilities. The most likely explanation for the drastic shifts in subduction input is the superimposition of Louisville materials on ‘normal’ subduction components consisting predominantly of aqueous fluids liberated from the down-going altered oceanic crust and minor pelagic sediment melts. Quantitative estimation reveals that Louisville materials contributed 0–74% and 21–83% of the Th budget, respectively, to CLSR and VFR lavas, but had no definite contribution to the lavas from the ELSR, which lies farthest away from the subducted Louisville seamount chain (LSC). The spatial association of the subducted LSC with the Louisville-affected segments suggests that the Louisville signature is regionally but not locally available in the Tonga subduction zone. Besides, the preferential melting of subducted old Cretaceous LSC crust instead of the old normal Pacific oceanic crust at similar depths implies that elevated temperature across the subduction interface or seamount erosion and rupture were required to trigger melting. A wider implication of this study, thus, is that seamount subduction may promote efficiency of element recycling in subduction zones.     

贝加尔裂谷区地壳上地幔复杂的各向异性及其动力学意义

位于西伯利亚板块东南缘的贝加尔裂谷是最典型的大陆裂谷之一,其形成的动力机制与演化过程一直是地学界争论的焦点.本研究使用一种改进的横波分裂测量方法——全局最小切向能量法,对研究区宽频带固定台站ULN和TLY记录的SKS震相和接收函数PmS震相进行分裂测量,得到了裂谷地区地壳和上地幔的各向异性属性.ULN台的SKS分裂测量结果表明,台站下方存在双层各向异性结构,其中,上层的快波偏振方向为N74°E,快、慢波分裂时差为0.80 s,下层的快波偏振方向为N128°E,快、慢波分裂时差为0.80 s;PmS震相分裂测量结果表明,台站下方地壳内存在单层各向异性结构,其快波偏振方向为N77°E,与SKS分裂测量的上层各向异性的快波偏振方向相近,快、慢波分裂时差为0.26 s,这说明SKS分裂测量的上层各向异性同时包含了地壳和地幔岩石圈.对TLY台进行SKS分裂测量时发现,台站下方上地幔结构表现出横向非均匀性:当反方位角90°时,快波偏振方向约为N120°E,快、慢波分裂时差为1.40 s;PmS震相分裂测量没有获得有效的结果,并且不同方位的PmS震相到时基本一致,说明TLY台下方地壳结构接近各向同性.根据分裂测量结果,结合贝加尔裂谷区的构造演化过程,得到以下结论:(1)ULN台双层各向异性的上层主要是岩石圈原始结构的反映,并且存在地壳与地幔岩石圈的一致性形变,而下层指示着现今软流圈地幔的流动;(2)由于刚性的西伯利亚克拉通的阻挡,地幔流动方向在克拉通南缘发生了偏转,在深部绕克拉通边缘流动,因此形成了TLY台下方上地幔结构的横向变化.