基于空间数据库的山东城镇发展水平的空间统计分析

基于GIS空间数据库,对山东省108个城镇的综合发展水平进行了空间统计分析。首先选用了反映城市综合发展水平的14项指标,并进行了主成分分析,得出反映城镇综合发展水平的综合指标,并分析了山东省各城镇的综合发展水平与分布状况。然后利用该综合指标,对各个城镇进行了空间统计分析,通过计算全局空间自相关指标,分析认为山东省各城镇综合发展水平总体上未呈现空间相关关系;通过计算局部空间自相关指标,分析认为山东省68.5%的城镇分布存在非相似空间集聚特征。     

天然气溶解过程中组分分馏模型及其应用

天然气不同组分在水中溶解度的差异,导致溶解相与残留游离相天然气组分组成不同,即发生组分的溶解分馏效应。溶解分馏效应在天然气水溶运移、溶解散失等过程中均有发生。揭示天然气组分的溶解分馏规律、建立定量分馏模型,有助于天然气气源对比和成藏过程示踪。以Henry定律为依据,对不同组分溶解特征分析,提出了溶解度分数的概念,并建立了溶解分馏模型。根据该模型和各组分的溶解度分数和天然气溶解量,可计算各组分的溶解分馏量,恢复天然气初始组成特征。计算表明,威远震旦系气藏初期的天然气组成为:CH4为72.70%,C2H6为0.09%,CO2为22.41%,N2为4.07%,干燥系数(C1/C1-5)为99.876%。溶解作用使天然气中CO2含量显著降低,烃类气体含量增加,而天然气干燥系数降低。结果有助于天然气成因判识和气源对比等。     

利用主成分分析改善土地利用变化的遥感监测精度——以珠江三角洲城市用地扩张为例

近年来,珠江三角洲由于经济的快速发展,城市用地急剧增加,利用多时相的遥感图,可以定量地监测这种城市化的现象。但理,由一般的遥感动态监测方法所得的结果往往夸大变化的程度,以及获得一些不合理的结论．该文提出主成分分析的方法来改善遥感动态监测的精度。将该方法应用应用于珠江三角洲发展最快的东莞市,获得了较满意的结果。     

成都城市发展对热岛强度影响的主成份回归分析

本文对成都市总人口、建成区面积等11个因子、作了主成份回归L-S估计和M-估计,讨论了成都城市发展对“热岛”强度的主要影响因子。结果表明,城区房屋建筑面积及总人口数是影响城市气候(气温)的主要因子,其次为城市人口总户数、建成面积等。 文中,对回归方程进行了拟合计算,回归效果比较满意(尤其是稳健回归)。     

Spatial and temporal variability of Holocene temperature in the North Atlantic region

The early Holocene climate of the North Atlantic region was influenced by two boundary conditions that were fundamentally different from the present: the presence of the decaying Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) and higher than present summer solar insolation. In order to assess spatial and temporal patterns of Holocene climate evolution across this region, we collated quantitative paleotemperature records at sub-millennial resolution and synthesized their temporal variability using principal components analysis (PCA). The analysis reveals considerable spatial variability, most notably in the time-transgressive expression of the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM). Most of the region, but especially areas peripheral to the Labrador Sea and hence closest to the locus of LIS disintegration, experienced maximum Holocene temperatures that lagged peak summer insolation by 1000-3000 years. Many sites from the northeastern North Atlantic sector, including the Nordic Seas and Scandinavia, either warmed in phase with maximum summer insolation (11,000-9000 years ago) or were less strongly lagged than the Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea region. These spatially complex patterns of Holocene climate development, which are defined by the PCA, resulted from the interplay between final decay of the LIS and solar insolation forcing.     

Hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in a Mediterranean coastal aquifer, Mersin-Erdemli basin (Turkey)

In this study, hydrogeologic and hydrochemical information from the Mersin-Erdemli groundwater system were integrated and used to determine the main factors and mechanisms controlling the chemistry of groundwaters in the area and anthropogenic factors presently affecting them. The PHREEQC geochemical modeling demonstrated that relatively few phases are required to derive water chemistry in the area. In a broad sense, the reactions responsible for the hydrochemical evolution in the area fall into four categories: (1) silicate weathering reactions; (2) dissolution of salts; (3) precipitation of calcite, amorphous silica and kaolinite; (4) ion exchange. As determined by multivariate statistical analysis, anthropogenic factors show seasonality in the area where most contaminated waters related to fertilizer and fungicide applications that occur during early summer season.     

保持主分量变换结果信息的量化方法

从主分量变换后图像信息保持的角度出发，充分分析了变换结果存储导致信息丢失的原因；同时以直接线性变换为基础，提出了另外两种新的对主分量变换结果进行量化的方法；并对这3种方法进行了充分的比较，文中最后以信息熵为指标评价了3种方法的优劣。     

MAPGIS组件技术在平硐空间数据管理中的应用

利用MAPGIS组件技术,实现了将隧道施工中采集的多源种类数据信息直接生成MAPGIS支持的平硐图形文件,并且能将平硐的图形信息和隧道采集数据进行连接与同时管理的功能。这充分发挥了GIS管理空间数据和属性数据的优势,合理管理平硐基础空间信息资料,也解决了由手工矢量化和数字化采集等常规方式获取平硐图形信息工作量较大的缺点,以及平硐图形信息(空间数据)与采集的数据信息(属性数据)不能在一般非GIS系统中实现对应连接管理的问题。     

GIS叠置图层方差分量的极大似然估计

针对GIS叠置中的同名点,以维希特分布密度为似然函数,提出了各图层方差分量的极大似然估计方法。该方法不依赖残差,不需要迭代就能估计未知参数和方差分量。     

Sliding fragility of block‐type non‐structural components. Part 1: Unrestrained components

Motivated by the development of performance‐based design guidelines with emphasis on both structural and non‐structural systems, this paper focuses on seismic vulnerability assessment of block‐type unrestrained non‐structural components under sliding response on the basis of seismic inputs specified by current seismic codes. Two sliding‐related failure modes are considered: excessive relative displacement and excessive absolute acceleration. It is shown that an upper bound for the absolute acceleration response can be assessed deterministically, for which a simple yet completely general equation is proposed. In contrast, fragility curves are proposed as an appropriate tool to evaluate the excessive relative displacement failure mode. Sample fragility curves developed through Monte‐Carlo simulations show that fragility estimates obtained without taking into account vertical base accelerations can be significantly unconservative, especially for relatively large values of the coefficient of friction. It is also found that reasonable estimates of relative displacement response at stories other than the ground in multistorey buildings cannot in general be obtained by simply scaling the ground acceleration to the peak acceleration at the corresponding storey. Failure modes considered in this study are found to be essentially independent of each other, a property that greatly simplifies assessment of conditional limit states. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.