管井降水技术在多种含水介质基坑工程中的应用

结合蚌埠城市中心广场会展中心工程，介绍了管井降水技术在多种含水介质的复杂地质环境下的应用。     

深层搅拌桩强度影响因素探讨

为提高水泥土强度,通过对影响深层搅拌桩水泥土强度（水泥掺入比、水泥土养护龄期、水泥强度等级、土体自身物理力学性质,外掺剂以及施工工艺等）诸因素进行探讨,对各参数的取值进行优化。当水泥土的掺入比在7％～15％,养护龄期90d,加入外掺剂,且施工采用复搅法和喷搅法时,水泥土强度可以得到不同程度的提高。     

黑河干流洪水预报模型研究

黑河干流上游区水文站点稀少,区间部分支流洪水过程无法控制,中游区河流沿程大量引水灌溉、取水口甚多用水量无法获得,使得以水量平衡原理为基础的洪水演算方法难以应用。针对上述情况,笔者应用系统水文模型理论并对其进行了改进。通过引入系统存贮变量,建立了一个新的黑河干流洪水预报模型-河道洪水演算模型。经1996年,1998年两次特大洪水试报检验,结果表明该模型的预报精度较高,对黑河干流防洪减灾、水利工程科学管理以及水资源优化配置具有重要的作用。     

基于确定性系数方法的龙门山地区地震滑坡影响因子敏感性分析——以汶川地震与芦山地震诱发滑坡为例

在我国西南地区,沿龙门山断裂带分别发生了2008年汶川M_S8.0级地震以及2013年芦山M_S7.0级地震,这两次地震均造成了严重的地表破裂,并诱发了大量的滑坡和崩塌等次生地质灾害。文章选择了位于青藏高原向四川盆地过渡的区域——以龙门山断裂带为中心的30°~34°N,102°~106°E区域作为研究区,借助GIS工具,基于确定性系数（CF）方法,选取了地震、地质构造、自然环境和人类活动4大类因子,包括烈度、震中距、岩性、断裂、高程、坡度、坡向、河流、降雨、公路共10个因子（子集）,对汶川和芦山地震诱发的次生滑坡灾害进行影响因子敏感性分析,基于z值确定该区域内地震滑坡的关键因子类以及基于CF值确定各类集（子集）下各特定因子的具体地震滑坡敏感性。研究结果显示：地震因子具有最高的z值,是龙门山地区地震滑坡产生的关键影响因子,表明地震活动的强弱直接关系到斜坡的稳定性和次生滑坡灾害的面积分布。而对比烈度子集中的具体CF值表明：当烈度小于Ⅷ度时,烈度对次生滑坡发生的影响极低,区域内的主要影响因子则由地震因子转变为震中距、自然因子等其他类别的因子;其次以坡度、高程、与河流的距离为主的自然因子类别以及与断层的距离在地震滑坡过程中也有较高权重,而人类活动对研究区内坡体的稳定性也有着不可忽略的作用。本研究结果可作为该地区后续区域地震滑坡相关研究和发展规划的基础科学依据。

     

Hadley环流强度与我国中东部气温的相关分析

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析月平均风场资料和国家气候中心提供的中国160个气象站的月平均气温资料,用质量流函数计算方法描述平均经圈环流,用环流中心值大小表征其强度,分析Hadley环流强度1951--2010年的趋势变化及其与我国中东部气温的关系。结果表明：1）质量流函数能很好地表征平均经圈环流的特征,且环流中心值大小能形象地反映环流强度。2）近60a来,冬季北半球Hadley环流强度呈线性增强的趋势;夏季南半球Hadley环流在20世纪80年代初发生了由减弱趋势转变为显著增强趋势的年代际转折。3）我国中东部大部分地区气温的年代际变化能很好地被Hadley环流强度变化所解释,二者基本呈正相关关系,但显著相关区域随季节变化有所不同。     

京津冀地区一次强沙尘天气过程的成因及特征

利用常规污染物监测资料、卫星资料和再分析资料等,对京津冀地区在2017年春季遭遇的一次强沙尘天气过程进行分析。结果表明,此次过程是由地面冷锋过境,高空槽后冷空气持续补充引起,沙源地主要位于巴丹吉林、腾格里沙漠,随后以西北路径输送至京津冀地区。前期沙源地感热通量迅速增大,与中低层冷平流叠加,导致不稳定层结增强,助于起沙;高空强风速带加强并向下延伸,中低层次级环流发展,不但使沙尘传输并下降至地面,而且使高层高动量和高位涡冷空气下传,促进低空急流形成、低层系统发展,使大风及沙尘天气维持;沙尘过境时,地面至4 km高度存在沙尘型气溶胶,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度变化趋势较一致并达到重度污染水平,且气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)与空气质量指数(Air Quality Index,AQI)具有较好的时空匹配关系,重污染时段AOD值大于1,污染减弱时AOD值降至0.6以下。     

Effect of urbanization on runoff characteristics of the On-Cheon Stream watershed in Pusan,Korea

This study investigated the effect of urbanization on runoff from the On-Cheon Stream watershed in Pusan, Korea. This watershed has been experiencing considerable urbanization since the 1960s. There are two gauging stations in the watershed. For one of the stations there are recent flow data and for the other flow data were observed in the past. A linear reservoir model was chosen and runoff was analysed for several flood events. The linear reservoir model has been found to generate flood hydrographs accurately for both gauging stations, and its applicability to the study area has also been established. Using two methods of computing effective rainfall or rainfall excess (ϕ-index and constant percentage method), the results of runoff analyses were investigated. The ϕ-index method yielded better results than the constant percentage method. A comparison of hydrographs observed in the past with the simulation results at the Ie-Sup bridge site revealed that the peak discharge increased and the mean lag time of the study area decreased owing to urbanization over the past two decades. It is also possible to evaluate the effect of urbanization quantitatively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ice-sheet dynamics through the Quaternary on the mid-Norwegian continental margin inferred from 3D seismic data

Reconstructing the evolution of ice sheets is critical to our understanding of the global environmental system, but most detailed palaeo-glaciological reconstructions have hitherto focused on the very recent history of ice sheets. Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the changing nature of ice-sheet derived sedimentary architecture through the Quaternary Ice Age of almost 3 Ma. An extensive geophysical record documents a marine-terminating, calving Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) margin present periodically on the mid-Norwegian shelf since the beginning of the Quaternary. Spatial and temporal variability of the FIS is illustrated by the gradual development of fast-flowing ice streams and associated intensification of focused glacial erosion and sedimentation since that time. Buried subglacial landforms reveal a complex and dynamic ice sheet, with converging palaeo-ice streams and several flow-switching events that may reflect major changes in topography and basal thermal regime. Lack of major subglacial meltwater channels suggests a largely distributed drainage system beneath the marine-terminating part of the FIS. This palaeo-environmental examination of the FIS provides a useful framework for ice-sheet modelling and shows that fragmentary preservation of buried surfaces and variability of ice-sheet dynamics should be taken into account when reconstructing glacial history from spatially limited datasets.     

A System for Fast Cartographic Sounding Selection

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of the ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This article describes a system for automatic cartographic sounding selection. In this system, a new algorithm for automated selecting soundings is developed. The algorithm is employed in such a way that it can guarantee (a) fast and accurate selecting sounding, (b) processing the circular depth curves, (c) solving the overplotting problems between depth curves and soundings, and (d) keeping selected soundings “prettier.” The system was intensively tested using real data sets, and its superiority has been revealed by the testing results.