Distributional choices in EU climate policy: 20 years of policy practice

The distributional choices of the EU in three policy phases, spanning 20 years, are examined: the negotiations on emissions reduction targets for the EU15 under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, the negotiation of National Allocation Plans for Phase II of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) between 2008 and 2012, and the formulation of the 2008 Climate and Energy Package for the period 2013–2020. A flexible and pragmatic framework, consisting of the normative principles of capacity, responsibility, equality, and need, is used to elucidate the indicators and policies used in deciding how the EU Member States are to share the cost of meeting climate policy objectives. The analysis extends the literature by applying a common analytical framework across the three different policy phases and provides a structured basis for the assessment of what the EU and other jurisdictions can learn from them.

Policy relevance

Distributing the cost of climate policy is a key policy concern, both at the domestic and international level. The EU has more than 20 years of policy experience with such distributional choices and is also preparing the next steps of its policy, where distributional choices will again be central. A framework is developed to assess the modalities and rationale for EU distributional choices in order to inform the future climate policy of the EU and other jurisdictions.     

浙江省的新构造运动与农用地分布规律

从地貌和沉积物分析,浙江省新构造运动表现为西南强烈上升,往东北上渐减,至杭州湾两岸转为下沉,此外西北山区上升,海岸带下沉,一些构造盆地内相对下沉,这些情况与莫霍面等深线图的反映十分符合,说明新构造运动的动力来自地壳深层。不同新构造运动性质的区域内,农用地面积比率、农用地内的结构特征明显不同;各地耕地占总面积的百分比,在大河各河段、滨海各岸段、不同位置的海岛、不同盆地的所在区,均是有规律的变化,也都反映了新构造运动的作用。新构造运动还使地表水土流失与农业经济发展的地理分布很有规律。这些都说明作为地球内力重要部分的新构造运动,能强烈影响地表的生态环境。     

哈纳斯湖水化学特征及营养状况的初步研究

本文通过对哈纳斯湖天然水体化学成份的分析,确定了水化学类型及基本特征。湖水具矿化度低、硬度小、pH值适中、溶解氧丰富、还原性物质少等优点,水化学类型为重碳酸盐钠组Ⅰ型水(C_I~(Na))。本文还对该湖水质及营养状况进行了综合评价,并得出了以Ⅱ类水体为主、营养程度适中的评价结论。湖泊水质能符合生活饮用、渔业、旅游等多种用途的需要。     

Seagrasses from the Nansei Islands, Southern Japanese Archipelago: species composition, distribution and biogeography

The Nansei Islands in the southern Japanese Archipelago have 15 taxa of seagrasses from seven genera within three families. Seagrasses in this region grow on coral sands or coral debris in shallow reefs and on sandy or muddy substrata in the shallow areas of bays and inlets. Certain Halophila species grow in deep water off some islands. Enhalus acoroides only reaches to Ishigaki I. with winter sea water temperature (WST) at 23 °C, while Okinawa I. (WST at 21.6 °C) is the northern biogeographic limit for Halophila decipiens, H. okinawensis, H. major and H. gaudichaudii. Amami‐oshima I. (WST at 20.7 °C) is the northern border for Thalassia hemprichii, H. minor, H. ovalis, Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halodule uninervis and Halodule pinifolia. Halophila mikii the sole seagrass collected from Yakushima I. (WST at 19.3 °C), is of volcanic origin. The distribution of tropical seagrasses in the Nansei Islands is clearly associated with the warm Kuroshio Current, WST and habitat availability. Zostera japonica is the only temperate species occurring in the region. Meadows of Z. japonica, H. ovalis and Halodule pinifolia have disappeared from certain localities in the Archipelago, due probably to human activities and natural siltation.     

海州湾南部沉积物粒度分布特征

利用马尔文激光粒度仪研究了海州湾南部沉积物平均粒径、分选系数、偏态、峰态以及频率曲线在平面上的分布特征,其结果可为进一步研究海州湾沉积物形成时的沉积环境、各种污染物的沉积以及对海洋底栖生物的影响等提供科学依据。     

Social safety nets and US climate policy costs

The debate surrounding US climate policy has been strongly influenced by concerns about the impact that placing a price on GHG emissions could have on potentially vulnerable populations, including senior citizens. This article shows that seniors would be one of the best protected groups under the climate policies recently debated in the US Congress. Moreover, low-income groups would also be protected generally under these proposals. This is due to a combination of existing government transfer programmes that automatically adjust benefit payments to account for inflation and provisions in the proposals.     

测度微分方程解的渐近性

研究非线性测度微分方程Ｄｘ＝Ｆ（ｔ，ｘ）Ｄｕ解的渐近性质，方程中的导数是分布意义下的导数．     

多母体p—范极大似然平差

本文提出了多母体ｐ－范极大似然平差方法，建立了该方法的数学模型，并且导出了求解参数估值的基础方程，本文提出的方法溶测量平差，误差母体分布的估计、方差分量估计于一体，是对多元ｐ－范极大似然平差的进一步推广。     

线形沙丘研究进展综述

本文回顾和总结了国外内关于线形沙丘研究的最新进展。阐明了线性沙丘的分布规律、发育模式和内部构造等方面的研究结果。     

冀北等地区车载γ能谱方法找金的应用研究

车载γ能谱方法找金是寻找隐伏金矿床的物化探新技术。用它可有效地预测区域金成矿远景区。在冀北等地区（４．９１万ｋｍ￣２）采用车载γ能谱测量方法，取得地质体内６３４１６个γ能谱测点数据，按地质体大小使用滑动滤波技术，处理区域地质体中的γ能谱数据并绘制了参数分布特征图件。在深入研究γ能谱参数分布特征所反映的区域金成矿地质环境的基础上，建立了一套与区域金成矿相关的γ能谱组合参数，提取了γ能谱参数特征信息。结合地质资料，研究工作地区的金成矿地质环境，预测了两片远景区，部分地区经验证，见有金矿化。研究结果表明，车载γ能谱方法用于区域找金是一种快速、节资、有效的方法。