中国沿海寄生性病原血卵涡鞭虫(Hematodinium sp.)的遗传多样性研究

血卵涡鞭虫是一类感染海洋甲壳类动物的寄生性甲藻。本研究通过对我国山东、浙江和广东三地的血卵涡鞭虫群体进行r DNA基因(包括5.8S,ITS1和ITS2)的测序和遗传分析,研究了我国沿海养殖蟹类中血卵涡鞭虫群体的遗传多样性以及与美国和欧洲群体的亲缘关系。结果表明,流行于我国沿海地区养殖蟹类中的血卵涡鞭虫群体存在一定的遗传多态性,共发现14个单倍型,其中单倍型ST041a在各个群体中均有出现,且发生频率较高;而三个地理群体之间无明显遗传差异,侵染不同宿主(三疣梭子蟹和拟穴青蟹)的株系间也无显著遗传差异。另外,我国的上述群体在遗传上是不同于国际上其他地区的独立分支,属于Hematodinium perezi基因型Ⅱ;其亲缘关系与美国兰蟹中的株系较近(遗传距离D=0.027),而与欧洲冷水株系稍远(D=0.236)。本研究肯定了血卵涡鞕虫是一类"泛宿主"型病原生物,即在同一地区可侵染不同的甲壳类宿主。我国沿海地区的蟹类养殖应避免不同种类间的混养,以及不同地区间的引种交换,以防止血卵涡鞕虫流行病的进一步扩散。     

Acute Toxicity of Formalin to the Red-tide Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum Schiller (Protozoa, Mastigophora)

1Introduction Red tides occur in recorded history,but in recentyears there is a global increase in the number of theseevents due to coastal pollution and other unclear fac-tors.Some kinds of red tides cause mass deaths of cul-tured animals and thus cause heavy economic losses forcoastwise mariculture(Nakanishi et al.,1996;Changet al.,1998;Zhu et al.,1998;Tada et al.,2001).The investigation on red tide control,however,rem-ains insufficient(Burkholder,1998;Edwards and Clark,1999).Although man…     

1998年春季珠江口海域大规模赤潮原因生物的形态分类和生物学特征Ⅲ

对1998年4月22—24日采集于广东珠江口大规模赤潮海域之一的深圳湾的活体水样和福尔马林固定水样进行赤潮原因生物的形态分类和群落构成研究。结果发现，深圳湾赤潮水样里仍以甲藻为主，但硅藻也具相当的数量。其中，最占优种为无纹螺沟藻(Gyrodiniuminstriatum),其最高密度为3.6×10     

罗源湾口柱状沉积物中的甲藻孢囊

通过时福建罗源湾口海域KMZK5柱状沉积物中甲藻孢囊的分析，共鉴定出15属30种甲藻孢囊，对比发现这30种甲藻孢囊是该湾以前未被记录的种类．其中12种是附近海域也未曾发现的种类，6种为有毒种类：缘亚历山大藻、小型亚历山大藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、具剌膝沟藻、链状裸甲藻、锥状斯氏藻，同时对甲藻孢囊的主要属种和有毒种类的丰度、分布在垂直方向上的变化特征进行了初步研究。     

2014年春季黑潮与邻近海域甲藻组成及其对水团的指示作用

我国东部海域受近岸流、台湾暖流和黑潮的影响,不同水团间环境因子差异较大,甲藻作为初级生产者主要受环境影响,研究分析不同水团浮游甲藻群落组成及分布情况具有重要的生态意义。2014年5-6月,本研究对台湾以东黑潮主流径及东海200m等深线内陆架区进行采样调查,分析测站浮游甲藻的群落结构组成。研究结果表明,网采样品共鉴定出浮游甲藻17属81种,甲藻丰度范围为（0.45-1207.86）×10³cell/m³。根据聚类分析结果,将海区浮游甲藻划分为3个群落类型,分别为受沿岸水团影响的群落Ⅰ、受台湾暖流水团影响的群落Ⅱ和黑潮水团影响的群落Ⅲ。不同水团间甲藻群落结构具有一定差异性,其中甲藻丰度变化趋势为沿岸水团 > 台湾暖流水团 > 黑潮水团,沿岸水团甲藻主要以广温广盐种为主,台湾暖流水团甲藻以广温高盐种为主,黑潮水团甲藻以高温高盐种为主。     

基于支持向量机分类的嘉陵江草街水库甲藻水华预警

嘉陵江草街水库自建成后2011-2013年连续3年发生甲藻水华现象,给当地经济发展和生态安全带来影响.根据2011年5月至2013年7月草街水库大坝上、下游8个断面的逐月调查数据,利用支持向量机在处理小样本问题、非线性分类问题和泛化推广方面的优势,构建了基于支持向量机分类的草街水库甲藻水华预警模型.结果表明,利用本月理化数据和本月倪氏拟多甲藻(Peridiniopsis niei)密度数据建立的模型,对测试样本取得了80%以上的判别正确率,且对甲藻水华样本的判别正确率为100%.因此,支持向量机作为新兴的机器学习方法,可以为环境管理部门发布水华预警信息提供科学依据,并在环境保护领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

Blooms of Prorocentrum donghaiense reduced the species diversity of dinoflagellate community

Most of reported harmful algal blooms(HABs)of microalgae(75%)have been caused by dinoflagellates.Studies on the negative effects of HABs have generally focused on animals,valuable organisms in particular,and environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen and nutrients,but relatively fewer on community level,particularly that using metagenomic approach.In this study,we reported an investigation on the effects of a HAB caused by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum donghaiense on the species diversity and community structure of the dinoflagellate sub-community via a pyrosequencing approach for the samples taken before,during,and after the bloom season of P.donghaiense in the East China Sea.We sequenced partial 28S rRNA gene of dinoflagellates for the field samples and evaluated the species richness and diversity indices of the dinoflagellate community,as a sub-community of the total phytoplankton.We obtained 800185 valid sequences(categorized into 560 operational taxonomic units,OTUs)of dinoflagellates from 50 samples and found that the biodiversity of dinoflagellate community was significantly reduced during the blooming period in comparison to that in pre-and after-blooming periods,as reflected in the four diversity indices:the species richness expressed as the number of OTUs,Chao1 index,Shannon index(evenness),and Gini-Simpson index.These four indices were all found to be negatively correlated to the cell density of the bloom species P.donghaiense.Correlation analyses also revealed that the P.donghaiense cell abundance was correlated negatively with NO3--N,and NO2--N,but positively with total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP).Principal coordinates analysis(PCoA)showed that the community structure of dinoflagellates was markedly different among the different sampling periods,while the redundancy analysis(RDA)revealed P.donghaiense abundance,salinity,NO3--N,and SiO32-were the most four significant factors shaping the dinoflagellate community structure.Our results together demonstrated that HABs caused by the dinoflagellate P.donghaiense could strongly impact the aquatic ecosystem on the sub-community level which the blooming species belongs to.     

Assessment of the consecutive harmful dinoflagellate blooms during 2015 in the Izmit Bay (the Marmara Sea)

A series of red tides were observed during 2015 in the Izmit Bay(the Marmara Sea) which is located in the most industrialized and populated region of Turkey. Six samplings were carried out in this area following the red tides.Nitrite-N, nitrate-N, ammonia, silica and orthophosphate concentrations were analyzed spectrophotometrically.Physicochemical conditions were measured by CTD probe. Plankton quantification was performed using counting chambers under microscopes. Prorocentrum micans was the most abundant species, except on May 14,2015, when Noctiluca scintillans was dominant. The abundance of P. micans reached average 18×10~6 ind./L on May 3, 2015 in the Karamürsel station, simultaneously with elevated levels of NH_3 and o-PO_4~(3–). The sample was also abundant in dead amphipods((72±12) ind./L) that had been covered by mucilage aggregates produced by P.micans. The highest biomass(calculated by carbon) was recorded as(268±26.0) mg/L on May 14 in the Hereke station. Beside the anthropogenic wastewater discharges, unknown sources and resuspensions caused increases in nutrient levels. After long term northeaster gusts(35 km/h for 5 d) an upwelling occurred on November 6, 2015 after wind-induced sediment resuspension. Although nutrient discharges remarkably decreased over 30 years through established wastewater treatment plants, harmful phytoplankton blooms still occur. Comparing the present results with other studies in nearby Mediterranean seas reveals that the most intense harmful dinoflagellate bloom in recent years occurred in the Izmit Bay. Therefore, additional protection measures necessary for a cleaner Izmit Bay. These incidents also demonstrate that contaminants, accumulated in sediment,may have long-lasting effects on enclosed marine ecosystems.     

崎岖列岛附近海域浮游植物与水环境状况研究

于2001年冬(2月)、春(4月)、夏(7月)、秋(10月)首次对崎岖列岛附近海域的浮游植物和赤潮生物与枯水期(2月)、丰水期(7月)的水质进行了调查研究.采用浮游植物细胞丰度法和环境质量单项评价标准指数法,对该海域环境质量状况进行评估.结果表明:崎岖列岛附近海域共有浮游植物6门45属90种,其中赤潮生物有33种,浮游植物平均细胞丰度从大到小的顺序为,夏季(4.25×104个/dm3),秋季(3.85×104个/dm3),春季(2.66×104个/dm3),冬季(5.20×103个/dm3).底泥中发现的藻类有80种,其中赤潮生物有31种,并发现一些甲藻孢囊及休眠孢子.底泥藻类丰度为12~612个/g,平均值为68个/g.主要有害赤潮生物为具齿原甲藻Prorocentrum dentatum(东海区的东海原甲藻P.donghaiense),链状亚历山大藻Alexandrium catenella,塔玛亚历山大藻Alexandrium tamarense,项圈亚历山大藻Alexandrium monilatum,尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens,具尾鳍藻Dinophysis caudata,夜光藻Noctiluca scintillans,裸藻Eutreptiella gymnastica等.主要赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum.该海域化学需氧量、活性磷酸盐和无机氮则超标严重,水质已处于严重富营养化状态.     

Encystment and excystment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gyrodinium instriatum</Emphasis> Freudenthal et Lee

In the present study, we have investigated the conditions influencing encystment and excystment in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum under laboratory conditions. We incubated G. instriatum in modified whole SWM-3 culture medium and in versions of modified SWM-3 from which NO₃ ⁻, PO₄ ³⁻, NO₃ ⁻ + PO₄ ³⁻, or Si had been omitted and observed encystment. Percentage encystment was high in the media without N and without P, while the percentage encystment in the medium lacking both N and P was highest. Moreover, to investigate N or P concentration which induced the encystment, Gyrodinium instriatum was also incubated in media with different concentrations of inorganic N and P; the concentrations of NO₂ ⁻ + NO₃ ⁻ and PO₄ ³⁻ were measured over time. The precursors of cysts appeared within 2 or 3 days of a decrease in NO₂ ⁻ + NO₃ ⁻ or PO₄ ³⁻ concentration to values lower than 1 μM or 0.2 μM, respectively. When cysts produced in the laboratory were incubated, we observed excystment after 8–37 days, without a mandatory period of darkness or low temperature. We incubated cysts collected from nature at different temperatures or in the dark or light and observed excystments. Natural cysts excysted at temperatures from 10 to 30°C, in both light and dark, but excystment was delayed at low temperatures. These studies indicate that G. instriatum encysts in low N or P concentration and excysts over a wide temperature range, regardless of light conditions, after short dormancy periods.