南方某港疏浚淤泥溶出液对海洋浮游动物的毒性实验

为了评价南方某港疏浚淤泥对倾倒海区海洋生物的影响,对疏浚淤泥的溶出液进行了海洋浮游动物急性毒性实验。结果表明：在水温低于20℃时,淤泥溶出清液对浮游桡足类和卤虫Anemiasalina无节幼体的影响不明显;但当水温高于22℃时,淤泥溶出清液对海洋浮游动物有致毒作用,其LC_50随温度的升高而减小．毒性增强。水温为22．0—24．0℃时,对卤虫无节幼体72h和96h的LC_50分别为665ml·L~-1［淤泥／海水体积之比,相当于1090．9g·L~-1（淤泥湿重W／海水体积V）］和405ml·L~-1（V／V,相当于664．4g·L~-1,W／V）;对浮游桡足类48h的LC_50为306ml·L~-1（相当于502．0g·L~-1,W／V）。当水温为25．0—27．0℃时,对卤虫无节幼体72h和96h的LC_50分别为578ml·L~-1（相当于948．2g·L~-1,W／V）和238ml·L~-1（相当于390．4g·L~-1,W／V）。     

Application of the Clean Development Mechanism in the Sanitation Sector: “Proof of Concept”

Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector account for only 4% of the total production, with wastewater management accounting for accurately 8 to 10% of this contribution. Wastewater disposal and treatment activities, mainly contributes to non‐CO₂ gases such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Capturing or avoiding these emissions is thus both a concern and an opportunity. The clean development mechanism (CDM) offers an instrument to internalize global climate concerns into the design of wastewater treatment facilities. Properly designed facilities could improve effluent quality and optimize the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring additional revenues to pay for capital, operation and maintenance costs and possibly justify higher levels of wastewater treatment. This document summarizes the experience of the “Rio Frio CDM project” in Colombia, as an example of what is achievable through the CDM application in wastewater treatment upgrade in developing countries. This document summarizes the scope of the project, the methodology used to establish current greenhouse emissions and future reductions, and the estimated financial results.     

固定化活性污泥处理海水冲厕污水研究

确定了固定化污泥最佳的包埋剂配比,研究了不同温度、作用时间、pH值、微生物浓度和氯离子浓度条件下固定化污泥对人工海水冲厕污水的处理效果。结果表明,包埋剂最佳配比为聚乙烯醇(PVA)80 g/L、海藻酸钠4 g/L、活性炭10 g/L、SiO210 g/L、CaCO31.25 g/L。在30℃下固定化污泥对NH3-N和CODCr的去除效果最好,12 h时其去除率分别为83.9%和84.2%。固定化污泥在pH4~10之间均有很好的去除效果,其适宜用量为75 g/L,氯离子浓度的增大对NH3-N的去除几乎没有影响,但对CODCr的去除效果降低。曝气试验表明,固定化颗粒运行2个月情况良好,出水NH3-N和CODCr符合二级污水综合排放标准。     

投加海水化学沉淀法去除污泥脱水液中的磷酸盐

研究污水处理厂产生的污泥脱水液中的磷酸盐(PO43-)和铵盐(NH4 )的去除方法。依据化学沉淀法的原理,含有Ca2 和Mg2 的海水加入污泥脱水液后,可以使污水中的PO43-与金属离子发生化学沉淀反应,实现污水除磷的目的。采用正交试验优化得到这种方法处理污泥脱水液的工艺条件:水温20℃,海水与污水混合比例为2∶10,体系pH值为10.5,反应时间20min。经过静态处理,污泥脱水液中氨态氮(NH4 -N)的平均去除率为34%,无机磷(PO43--P)的平均去除率为95%,比不投加海水的处理提高26%,这表明投加海水有利于强化污泥脱水液的除磷效果。动态处理也有较好的效果,PO43--P和NH4 -N的去除率分别可达91%和18%。这种技术不仅除磷效果好,处理成本也较低,生成的沉淀物还可以作为肥料施用,因而是污泥脱水液除磷的有效途径,特别适用于沿海地区污水处理厂。     

3种因素影响下固化废弃淤泥的微观特性研究

为揭示初始含水率、固化剂掺量和龄期3种因素对固化废弃淤泥力学性质影响的本质,以硫氧镁水泥固化废弃淤泥为研究对象,开展了不同含水率（w）、固化剂掺量（Wg）和龄期（T）条件下固化淤泥的电镜扫描试验,利用图像处理软件研究了固化淤泥的微观接触面积率（RCA）、平均丰度（Cm）和分形维数（D）受含水率、固化剂掺量和龄期的影响规律。结果发现：含水率的增加会抑制硫氧镁水泥的水化,增加固化淤泥结构的分散性,进而减小固化淤泥的接触面积率、平均丰度,提高其分形维数。而固化剂掺量和龄期有利于固化反应的发展,促进扁圆状固化产物的生成,提高固化淤泥结构的紧密性,从而增加固化淤泥的接触面积率、平均丰度,降低其分形维数。3种因素中,龄期对固化淤泥的接触面积率和分形维数影响最为显著。     

滇池固化淤泥重塑土的重塑时机及强度恢复特性试验

采用无侧限抗压强度试验和直剪试验,从单轴抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角的角度探求了淤泥固化土重塑时导致的强度折减和重塑后土的强度恢复特性,并分析了重塑前养护龄期（T_前）、重塑后养护龄期（T_后）、水泥掺灰比（a_c）的影响。试验结果表明,重塑时机的选择对淤泥固化土的强度折减程度有显著的影响：T_前越长,破碎过程带来的强度折减越严重,且大致满足a_c越大、强度折减越严重的规律。从强度恢复特性来看：小水泥掺灰比的固化淤泥土经过T_后,其强度恢复较好;大掺灰比的重塑土其强度则较难恢复至固化土的水平,T_前越长,强度恢复越不利。从而得出了大掺灰比固化土宜早重塑,小掺灰比的重塑时间可适当延长的规律。     

Characteristics of heavy metal accumulation on fly ash- and sewage sludge-amended calcific soil

Land disposal of fly ash(FA)and sewage sludge(SS)is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents.In this paper,a potting experiment was performed to evaluate the effects on the plant growth and to discuss in particular the potential hazard to soils and plants according to the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation and migration when FA and SS are used as the amendments of calcific soil in a limestone mining area. The results showed that the application of FA-SS mixture is capable of accelerating the growth of plants and improving the biomass production at either 1:1 or 1:2 FA-SS mixture:soil(w/w).The highest yields were obtained at 1:1(w/w)mixing ratio.When compared with the Element Background Values of Soils in China,the analysis on heavy metals indicated that the contents of Pb,Cr,Hg,Cd,As,Ni,Cu and Zn in the amended soils came up to the second-class environmental quality standards,only Hg and Cd showed significant accumulation.At the same time, though the metal concentrations in roots were higher than those for the control,the concentrations except Cu,Zn in shoots were lower.And all the heavy metal contents in the plants were substantially lower than the toxicity limits. The results indicated that the combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should pose no danger to both soil and food chain based on the characteristics of the FS and SS,heavy metals and calcific soil.     

基于碳化-固化技术的武汉东湖淤泥耐久性演变微观机制

引入活性MgO-粉煤灰固化材料,采用碳化-固化联合技术处理武汉东湖疏浚淤泥,通过无侧限抗压强度、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和压汞试验,研究持续浸水、干湿循环和冻融循环等复杂环境下碳化-固化淤泥力学性质和微观结构演变。结果表明:活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥经碳化处理后具备更优异的水稳性,浸水破坏后碳化淤泥试样整体抗压强度高于固化试样,提升幅度约为29%;碳化试样强度随干湿循环次数增加呈缓慢增加趋势,而固化试样则表现为先上升后下降;随着冻融循环次数增加,碳化前后试样抗压强度变化一致,即快速达到峰值后缓慢减小至保持不变。微观分析表明:起骨架支撑作用的棱柱形碳酸镁石、起填充与黏结作用的花骨状和片状的水碳镁石和球碳镁石为主要碳化产物,骨架-填充-黏结协同作用使碳化试样强度高,水稳定性好,抗干湿冻融能力强;持续浸水促使球碳镁石和水碳镁石向碳酸镁石转化,大孔隙增多;干湿循环促使碳酸镁石向球碳镁石和水碳镁石转化;冻融作用下试样碳化产物之间无明显转化。     

改性污泥作填埋场覆盖材料室内试验研究

对采用不同石灰配比改性自来水厂污泥进行一系列室内土工试验，考察其改性后土性变化规律，研究改性后作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料的可行性，探讨了合适的改性方案。初步认为按照一定泥灰比改性后的自来水厂污泥可作为覆盖材料的废弃物，并且能有效减少热收缩性。     

断层带常用钻进施工工艺

某矿区主要以辉钼矿为主,同时伴生有黄铁矿和少许铅锌矿。该矿区地层复杂,断层较多,主要施工难点是粉碎型破碎带和含断层泥与角砾的断层带。针对该复杂地层,选择合适的钻进施工工艺,能够有效的减少事故率和提高钻进效率。