真空预压联合石灰稳定法改良淤泥土试验研究

在工程用土资源越来越紧张和环境日益恶化的情况下淤泥资源化利用成为一个亟待解决的问题。通过向河底淤泥中掺入一定量的生石灰,再用真空预压结合外加剂木质素磺酸钙来改善土体的渗透、强度和变形等特性,总结并分析了掺木量对稳定排水量,稳定沉降量、强度、孔隙等的影响以及真空预压后石灰稳定土龄期下土体强度的变化规律。试验结果表明,抽真空后改良土具有较低含水率,土体强度增长较大,孔隙较小,后期沉降较小,加固土体以满足填筑用土要求,经济性分析表明该法是可以接受的。     

综合治理太湖污染的一种方法：为环境目的而挖泥

The eutrophication of Lake Taihu is becoming more serious day by day and more urgent to be comprehensively harnessed. The lake sludge is considered as a important polluting factor. To control the internal pollution source of Lake Taihu and restore its water ecological environment, this paper put forward an idea of the dredging for environmental purposes. It was on the basis of the research on the sludge storage and physical/chemical characteristics. The technical keys are sludge-dredging depth, time, method and sludge treatment. The requirements and scheme for the environmental dredging work in Lake Taihu were also analyzed in detail.     

透射电镜技术在好氧污泥颗粒超微结构研究中的应用

利用透射电镜观察研究SBR反应器中的好氧污泥颗粒。结果显示,不同成熟度的好氧污泥颗粒呈现不同的超微结构特征:成熟度高的污泥颗粒中细菌的微群落化程度高,细菌密度大,颗粒中富含构成细菌之间及微群落之间连接结构的胞外多聚物。而在成熟度低的污泥颗粒中细菌微群落化程度较低,细菌密度相对较小,构成菌间及微群落之间连接的胞外多聚物结构松散或缺失;以电镜钌红染色技术标记好氧污泥颗粒中的多糖,显示了好氧污泥颗粒中多糖的分布与结构特点,为进一步研究污泥颗粒的形成机制、多糖对污泥颗粒稳定性和沉降性能的作用机理提供了形态学依据。     

氯氧镁水泥固化淤泥力学特性及微观机制

将氯氧镁水泥(MOC)创新性地引入淤泥固化,通过无侧限抗压强度、固化体含水率、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱测定(EDS)等试验,研究了初始含水率、MgO/MgCl2摩尔比、养护龄期和MgO活性等复杂因素对淤泥固化效能影响及其驱动机制。结果表明:初始含水率越高,试样强度越低,中等含水率时MOC固化淤泥中出现针杆状的3相或5相晶体;随MgO/MgCl2摩尔比升高,试样抗压强度随之增加,水化产物从无定形凝胶逐渐转化为3相、5相和Mg(OH)2晶体;随养护龄期延长,固化淤泥强度总体呈上升趋势,28d前强度增长相对较快,28d后强度趋于稳定;养护后期,MgO/MgCl2摩尔比较高的试样表面易出现泛霜现象;MgO活性提高使得MOC固化淤泥试样含有更多有效活性组分,无侧限抗压强度更高,但MgO活性高低对水化产物演变规律并无显著影响。研究成果可为绿色、低碳MOC基胶凝材料研发及其在淤泥固化等土体加固领域中应用提供理论支撑。     

生物化学作用对污泥固化体渗透性的影响

通过固化技术降低污泥的透水性,可以减少二次污染的风险,但是外界生物化学条件的改变会引起污泥固化体渗透性的变化。针对这个问题,采用强化污泥固化体所处的生物化学条件的方法,进行了不同酸性渗透液以及微生物激活环境下固化体渗透性的试验。试验结果表明,提高污泥固化水平可以显著降低污泥的渗透性,但是酸性环境下固化体的透水性将增加;污泥固化体渗透性的改变,不仅取决于酸性渗透液总的渗透量,也受酸的强度的控制;微生物的活动能够明显降低污泥固化体的透水性。     

渗滤液浸泡对深度脱水污泥强度和渗透性能的影响

为探讨深度脱水污泥作为垃圾填埋场覆盖材料在湿润气候区的服役性能,将杭州主城区污水处理厂处理后的深度脱水污泥分别在蒸馏水、渗滤液中浸泡一个月和两个月,测试其强度和渗透特性的变化规律,并与填埋场覆盖层常用的黏性土进行了对比。试验结果表明,相对于一般污泥,深度脱水污泥的无侧限抗压强度较高,但在渗滤液和蒸馏水中浸泡两个月后分别降低5.4%和18.9%。在蒸馏水和渗滤液中浸泡两个月的深度脱水污泥黏聚力有所降低,而有效内摩擦角提高约7.5°;在浸泡水和渗滤液后,脱水污泥的渗透系数提高约3～5倍。该深度脱水污泥应用于填埋场覆盖材料时,其强度达到城镇污水处理厂污泥填埋控制要求。     

填埋场封场覆盖系统稳定性统一分析模型构建及应用研究

为探讨不同界面形式下有限长与无限长填埋场边坡封顶覆盖系统稳定特性,通过模型试验确定了不同边坡长度下界面分别为土工膜和三维网时封场覆盖系统的破坏模式与失稳坡度。基于试验结果建立了覆盖系统的许可破坏模式及其速度场,利用极限分析上限法建立了考虑界面强弱特性以及坡长有限与无限形式的覆盖系统稳定性统一分析模型,并利用模型试验结果对该理论进行验证。运用文中提出的理论模型对新型环保的垃圾填埋场封场覆盖生态污泥腾发覆盖技术（EST）中防护基材稳定性进行定量分析。研究结果表明：覆盖层失稳时,滑移面分为上、下两段,上段为平行于坡面的直线,下段为位于覆盖层内部近似为与坡面成一定夹角的直线;减小边坡长度能使覆盖系统稳定特性提高,但减小覆盖层厚度对覆盖系统稳定的增减影响与界面强弱形式有关;覆盖系统稳定特性主要由界面抗剪强度控制,增加基材强度并不能大幅度提升覆盖系统稳定特性,且增加界面黏聚力对覆盖系统稳定贡献明显优于增加界面摩擦系数。     

固体废弃物配施改良沙漠土的可行性研究——以陕西省榆林市为例

本文利用粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对毛乌素沙漠南缘的沙漠土进和地土壤改良实验,以玉米盆栽试验效果探讨了可行性,实现了国内外首次用固体废弃物配施改良沙漠土的实验研究.结果表明:1)添加固体废弃物使土壤养分含量显著提高,有害元素均低于土壤环境质量要求的标准,C/N值符合土壤栽培要求;2)大大改善了土壤的物理性质,使沙漠土容重降低,孔隙度增加,保水保肥性明显提高,pH明显降低,节约用水45%-48%;3)将本区沙漠土(松沙土)发行为沙壤土和轻壤土.实验对于旱缺水的的沙漠进行农作物种植、恢复生态环境有重要意义,也使固体废弃物得以资源化利用.     

Application of the Clean Development Mechanism in the Sanitation Sector: “Proof of Concept”

Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector account for only 4% of the total production, with wastewater management accounting for accurately 8 to 10% of this contribution. Wastewater disposal and treatment activities, mainly contributes to non‐CO₂ gases such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Capturing or avoiding these emissions is thus both a concern and an opportunity. The clean development mechanism (CDM) offers an instrument to internalize global climate concerns into the design of wastewater treatment facilities. Properly designed facilities could improve effluent quality and optimize the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring additional revenues to pay for capital, operation and maintenance costs and possibly justify higher levels of wastewater treatment. This document summarizes the experience of the “Rio Frio CDM project” in Colombia, as an example of what is achievable through the CDM application in wastewater treatment upgrade in developing countries. This document summarizes the scope of the project, the methodology used to establish current greenhouse emissions and future reductions, and the estimated financial results.     

Characteristics of heavy metal accumulation on fly ash- and sewage sludge-amended calcific soil

Land disposal of fly ash(FA)and sewage sludge(SS)is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents.In this paper,a potting experiment was performed to evaluate the effects on the plant growth and to discuss in particular the potential hazard to soils and plants according to the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation and migration when FA and SS are used as the amendments of calcific soil in a limestone mining area. The results showed that the application of FA-SS mixture is capable of accelerating the growth of plants and improving the biomass production at either 1:1 or 1:2 FA-SS mixture:soil(w/w).The highest yields were obtained at 1:1(w/w)mixing ratio.When compared with the Element Background Values of Soils in China,the analysis on heavy metals indicated that the contents of Pb,Cr,Hg,Cd,As,Ni,Cu and Zn in the amended soils came up to the second-class environmental quality standards,only Hg and Cd showed significant accumulation.At the same time, though the metal concentrations in roots were higher than those for the control,the concentrations except Cu,Zn in shoots were lower.And all the heavy metal contents in the plants were substantially lower than the toxicity limits. The results indicated that the combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should pose no danger to both soil and food chain based on the characteristics of the FS and SS,heavy metals and calcific soil.