Cu2+对序批式反应器中活性污泥胞外聚合物产量及其组分的影响

研究了长期暴露条件下Cu2+对序批式反应器(SBR)性能及其活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)特性的影响。结果表明,进水中加入10 mg·L-1的Cu2+后,在SBR运行的第16~55天,COD和NH+4-N的去除率保持稳定;在第56~75天,COD和NH+4-N的平均去除率与进水Cu2+浓度为0 mg·L-1时相比分别下降了3.88%和6.41%。浓度为10 mg·L-1的Cu2+长期作用下,活性污泥中EPS、松散附着EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密附着EPS(TB-EPS)产量及LB-EPS和TB-EPS中蛋白质(PN)含量增加。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明10 mg·L-1 Cu2+的长期暴露导致TB-EPS中PN的C=O键、N-H键和C-O键相对含量降低。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果显示在10 mg·L-1 Cu2+长期暴露条件下,LB-EPS和TB-EPS中元素Cu和O百分含量增加。     

蛋白核小球藻在废水污泥中培养的研究

啤酒厂废水污泥中含有一定的营养元素和活性物质。本研究利用废水污泥培养蛋白核小球藻（Chlorellapyrenoidosa）取得了初步结果。将一定比例的活性污泥掺入普通培养液形成混合培养基,其中80：20试验组无论从蛋白核小球藻的生物量还是粗蛋白的含量均与普通培养基的培养产物近似,具有实践意义。结果表明,混合培养基培养某些藻类,不仅降低了养殖成本,还可净化环境,为废水污泥用于藻类养殖开辟了一条新途径。     

活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的对比研究

采用序批式实验,分别以活性污泥和颗粒污泥为吸附材料,考察接触时间、pH等因素对废水中Pb2+生物吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活性污泥和颗粒污泥对低浓度Pb2+(0～20 mg/L)能在30 min内达到吸附平衡,当Pb2+浓度在20～100 mg/L时,浓度越低,达到平衡时间越快,以被动吸附为主.在Pb2+低浓度条件下(0～20 mg/L),初始pH为4～5时,Pb2+的去除率达99%以上,且初始pH值是影响活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb2+的重要因素.活性污泥和颗粒污泥对Pb2+的生物吸附符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程,在pH为4及25 ℃下,活性污泥饱和吸附量为59.88 mg/g,颗粒污泥饱和吸附量为80.65 mg/g.因此,活性污泥和颗粒污泥可作为有效的生物吸附剂处理低浓度(0～20 mg/L)含铅废水,且颗粒污泥比活性污泥的生物吸附效果好.     

The management of sewage sludge by the water industry in England and Wales

Summary The legislative framework within which the disposal of sewage sludge is managed in England and Wales and the methods employed are outlined. Those factors which affect management decisions are analysed and consideration is given to the environmental implications of those decisions. Sewage processes and sludge disposal are considered, and the problems, especially those of heavy metal contamination, are addressed. An indication is given as to how the Water Services Companies are likely to implement the more stringent controls on disposal. Finally, the future of sludge management in England and Wales is discussed.Abbreviations BAT Best available technology - BATNEEC Best available technology not entailing excessive cost - BOD₅ Biochemical oxygen demand - BPEO Best practicable environmental option - CBI Confederation of British Industry - CEST Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology - COD Chemical oxygen demand - CSC Customer Services Committee - DAF Dissolved air flotation - DG Director General - DoE Department of the Environment - DS Dried solids     

Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China

Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Fe) in surface sediments from nine sites in western Xiamen Bay and its vicinity were studied in order to understand current metal contamination due to urbanization and economic development in Xiamen, China. The sediment samples were collected in December 2004 and July 2005 respectively in order to examine temporal variations. In this study, we found that heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments sampled in the western Xiamen Bay and adjacent Maluan Bay and Yuandang Lagoon varied from 19 to 97mg kg(-1) for Cu, 45 to 60mg kg(-1) for Pb, 65 to 223mg kg(-1) for Zn, 0.11 to 1.01mg kg(-1) for Cd, 37 to 134mg kg(-1) for Cr, 25 to 65mg kg(-1) for Ni and 3.08 to 4.81% for Fe. Although all metal concentrations in sediments meets Chinese National Standard Criteria for Marine Sediment Quality, both metal enrichment factors (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) show that Pb contamination exists in the entire study area and contamination of other metals are also present in some locations depending on the sources, of which sewage outlets and commercial ports are the main sources of contaminants to the area. This study shows that using the sediment quality standard criteria only to assess sediments cannot properly reflect sediment contamination. A multiple approaches should be applied for the sediment quality assessment.     

干湿循环与初始静偏应力耦合作用下城市污泥固化土动力累积变形特性

城市污泥固化土用作路基填料,对于节约工程成本、保护环境等具有重要意义。本文以城市污泥固化土为研究对象,利用DDS动三轴仪,从干湿循环次数、初始静偏应力、动应力3个方面研究其对累积塑性应变及动强度特性的影响。试验结果表明:在干湿循环单独作用下,土体累积塑性应变随干湿循环次数的增加先增大后趋于稳定,但与初始静偏应力耦合作用下对土体累积塑性应变的影响不太显著。动应力对其影响较大,且存在临界值:当动应力小于临界值时,累积塑性应变呈现出先增大后逐渐稳定的趋势; 当动应力大于临界值时,累积塑性应变在达到某一振次后快速增大,土体迅速产生变形破坏。干湿循环与初始静偏应力都会降低土体的动强度,但干湿循环在达到10次后,动强度将趋于平稳,不再受其影响。通过回归分析,建立了考虑干湿循环次数、初始静偏应力及动应力等因素影响的城市污泥固化土稳定型累积塑性应变模型,并验证了其可行性。     

Transformation of ammonium nitrogen and response characteristics of nitrifying functional genes in tannery sludge contaminated soil

High concentrations of ammonium nitrogen released from tannery sludge during storage in open air may cause nitrogen pollution to soil and groundwater. To study the transformation mechanism of NH₄⁺-N by nitrifying functional bacteria in tannery sludge contaminated soils, a series of contaminated soil culture experiments were conducted in this study. The contents of ammonium nitrogen (as NH₄⁺-N), nitrite nitrogen (as NO₂^?-N) and nitrate nitrogen (as NO₃^?-N) were analyzed during the culture period under different conditions of pollution load, soil particle and redox environment. Sigmodial equation was used to interpret the change of NO₃^?-N with time in contaminated soils. The abundance variations of nitrifying functional genes (amoA and nxrA) were also detected using the real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR method. The results show that the nitrification of NH₄⁺-N was aggravated in the contaminated silt soil and fine sand under the condition of lower pollution load, finer particle size and more oxidizing environment. The sigmodial equation well fitted the dynamic accumulation curve of the NO₃^?-N content in the tannery sludge contaminated soils. The Cr(III) content increased with increasing pollution load, which inhibited the reproduction and activity of nitrifying bacteria in the soils, especially in coarse-grained soil. The accumulation of NO₂^?-N contents became more obvious with the increase of pollution load in the fine sand, and only 41.5% of the NH₄⁺-N was transformed to NO₃^?-N. The redox environment was the main factor affecting nitrification process in the soil. Compared to the aerobic soil environment, the transformation of NH₄⁺-N was significantly inhibited under anaerobic incubation condition, and the NO₃^?-N contents decreased by 37.2%, 61.9% and 91.9% under low, medium and high pollution loads, respectively. Nitrification was stronger in the silt soil since its copy number of amoA and nxrA genes was two times larger than that of fine sand. Moreover, the copy numbers of amoA and nxrA genes in the silt soil under the aerobic environment were 2.7 times and 2.2 times larger than those in the anaerobic environment. The abundance changes of the amoA and nxrA functional genes have a positive correlation with the nitrification intensity in the tannery sludge-contaminated soil.     

冻融作用下污泥固化轻质土动力特性及结构演化

冻融作用会影响污泥固化轻质土动力特性和结构特性。为研究不同冻融循环次数和冻结温度下的污泥固化轻质土动力特性及结构演化,对冻融循环作用后的污泥固化轻质土进行动三轴试验和固结试验。试验结果表明:在冻融循环作用下,污泥固化轻质土动应力-应变曲线呈弱应变硬化型。污泥固化轻质土动强度和变形随着冻融次数（n）的增加和冻结温度（T）的降低而减小。经历前4次冻融作用后,对固化土变形和动强度影响较大,经历8次冻融循环后基本趋于稳定。冻融循环对土体动力特性的影响本质上是对土体结构性的影响。固化土冻融结构势（m_dσn）的变化规律与动强度类似,随冻融次数的增加和冻结温度的降低而下降。冻融循环次数是影响污泥固化轻质土动力特性和结构性的主要因素,冻结温度为次要因素。     

陈化污泥理化特性对泥饼渗透性的影响研究

开展陈化污泥渗透特性研究对于填埋库污泥脱水减量作业具有重要指导意义。选取了8种不同陈化条件下的污泥,开展了压缩排水试验,测定了陈化污泥上清液中可溶性有机物含量和类型,以及陈化污泥聚合体粒径分布与滤液的Zeta电位,并通过皮尔逊相关性分析研究了陈化污泥各物理化学特性间的相互作用。结果表明,随着上清液中可溶性有机物含量的减少、相对腐质化程度的增高与滤液Zeta电位绝对值的增大,陈化污泥的可渗透性增大。同时,当陈化污泥聚合体趋于稳定和粒径增大时,包裹在聚合体中的有机物不易释放到上清液中,陈化污泥可渗透性增大。另外,由于陈化环境的影响,陈化污泥总有机含量变化与上清液中有机物含量变化缺乏一致性,依据陈化污泥有机质含量判断渗透性会造成错误。最后,建立了陈化污泥比阻的影响模型,对于预处理过程中如何改善陈化污泥渗透性具有参考意义。     

武汉东湖淤泥碳化-固化试验研究

引入活性MgO-粉煤灰固化材料,采用碳化-固化联合技术处理武汉东湖疏浚淤泥,通过无侧限抗压强度、扫描电镜和压汞试验,研究加压碳化模式、碳化时间、MgO-粉煤灰配比和固化剂掺量等因素下CO2碳化作用对固化淤泥力学性质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥碳化后抗压强度进一步增长,应力-应变关系曲线压密阶段应变缩小;不同固化剂配比的东湖淤泥试样具有不同的最佳加压模式,而加压模式决定了相同碳化时间下固化淤泥CO2吸入量,从而影响碳化-固化淤泥试样抗压强度;活性MgO掺量低时试样抗压强度整体较低,强度随碳化时间增加先增大后减小;MgO掺量较高时,碳化试样强度随碳化时间快速达到较高值,随后增长缓慢。微观分析表明：水碳镁石、球碳镁石和碳酸镁石等镁碳酸盐是碳化-固化联合技术增强淤泥强度的主要原因,其膨胀性和胶结作用促使土体中团粒内孔隙向颗粒间孔隙转化,土体更密实,抗压强度增加。