基于RTK技术的地面摄影测量方法在牲畜采食践踏路迹研究上的应用

以新疆精河县小海子山地草原牲畜采食践踏路迹为研究对象,在野外利用Trimble GPS—RTK测量仪和普通数码相机,获取了4个典型样区的像控点3维空间坐标和立体像对。在室内运用ERDAS数字摄影系统进行立体量测,获取样区DEM及正射影像数据,制作采食践踏路迹分布图,为进一步研究牲畜采食践踏路迹的形态特征及生态影响提供基础测量数据。     

西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食与繁殖生物学初步研究

鸢乌贼是南海重要的渔业资源之一,是大型光诱罩网渔船的主要捕捞对象。以2011年4个季度西沙海域光诱罩网船作业随机采集的542尾鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)为样本,研究其摄食与繁殖生物学特性。结果表明:鸢乌贼雌雄比为1∶1,雌性成熟高峰期为冬季,平均性成熟指数(gonad somatic index,GSI)为2.97,雄性成熟高峰期为夏季,平均GSI为1.89;胴长171 mm以上雌性个体出现一次性腺发育高峰期,GSI达到8.59,111～140 mm胴长组雄性个体出现一次性腺发育高峰期,GSI为1.92,雌、雄GSI随胴长变化均较显著(p值<0.05);雌、雄初次性成熟胴长分别为159 mm和83 mm;同一胴长组中雌、雄个体的平均饵料质量差异性不显著(p值>0.05),但雌性个体最大饵料质量大于雄性个体;雌雄鸢乌贼摄食强度随胴长增加呈现总体上升的趋势,摄食等级除夏季以2级和3级为主外,其余各季度均以3级和4级为主,其中,3、4级在春季和冬季分别占71.02%和79.02%;空胃率(摄食等级为0)在秋季所占比例较高,为16.22%,其余3个季度空胃率均不超过5%,摄食对象以鱼类、头足类和甲壳类为主,且有同类相残现象。     

东海区短鳄齿鱼摄食生态的初步研究

根据2008年5月～ 2009年2月“东海区主要渔场重要渔业资源的调查与评估(26°00′～ 35°00′N,120°00′～126°30′E)”课题调查的渔获样品,对东海区短鳄齿鱼(Champsodon snyderi)的摄食生态进行了初步研究.结果表明:东海区短鳄齿鱼属于浮游动物食性,兼食游泳动物;其主要饵料生物为太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)、细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)、七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)和麦氏犀鳕(Bregmaceros macclellandi);主要食物种类的优势度随体长段不同而变化,食物种类分化明显,符合“最佳摄食理论”;短鳄齿鱼食物种类的季节替代明显,更替率尤以春季为高,达100％,其余三季相对接近;不同区域出现的饵料生物的种类自北而南递增,区域间食物种类的相似性系数均低于50％,表明短鳄齿鱼食物种类的区域差异明显,其中又以北部与其他两区的差异最大;短鳄齿鱼的年空胃率为16.34％,不同季节、区域和体长组的空胃率变动幅度也较小;短鳄齿鱼的年平均胃饱满指数为27.13‰,四季呈高低相间分布,并以冬季最高春季最低;平面分布与空胃率态势相同,自北而南递增,不同体长组的胃饱满指数差距甚小.     

全液压坑道钻机给进装置的设计与分析

介绍了ZDY1450LG全液压坑道钻机给进装置。该给进装置采用双杆双作用两级伸缩油缸,增加了给进行程,节省辅助时间,减少了钻机的外形尺寸。应用有限元分析软件ABAQUS对双杆双作用伸缩油缸在给进和起拔两种状态下进行应力、应变分析,实现了可靠性设计。      

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶和免疫酶活力以及氮收支的影响

为了探讨投饵对对虾的影响, 作者研究了投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长、消化酶和免疫酶活性以及氮收支的影响。结果表明: 投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾的存活率、生长率、饲料系数、氮生长效率以及部分消化免疫酶活力有显著影响。日投喂5 次实验组获得较高的存活率、增质量率和特定生长率以及较低的饲料系数。投喂频率与特定生长率间呈二次曲线关系, 投喂频率为4.45次时, 获得最大特定生长率。摄食氮、生长氮和排泄氮和排粪氮, 以日投喂频率2 次为最低, 5、6 次较高。高投喂频率组获得较高的消化酶和免疫酶活性。     

盐度对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼摄食生长的研究(英文)

在实验室塑料水槽中,观察了不同盐度条件下星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼(10.6±0.27g)的存活率,摄食和生长状况。结果表明:将星斑川鲽幼鱼从盐度为32的海水中直接移入低盐水中,在各个盐度下96h后存活率均为100%;经盐度驯化后42d的各组鱼成活率也为100%。盐度0,8,16组的增重率和特定生长率高于24和32组;摄食率32时最高,16时最低;饵料转化效率16时最高24时最低,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。另外实验表明低盐度有利于星斑川鲽白化病的康复。     

Stream macroinvertebrate communities change with grassland afforestation in central Argentina

Lotic ecosystems are highly affected by land use changes such as afforestation of natural areas for management or commercial purposes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of pine plantations on benthic invertebrate communities in mountain grassland streams. Additionally, we assessed if the hydrological period modifies the effect of afforestation on stream invertebrates. Three headwater streams draining grasslands (reference streams) and three draining plantations of Pinus elliottii were selected in a mountain watershed of Córdoba province (Argentina). Hydrologic and physicochemical variables were registered and benthic invertebrate samples were collected in each stream at two different hydrological periods. Total invertebrate abundance, richness and diversity were reduced in afforested streams as well as the number of indicator taxa. In addition, invertebrate functional structure (i.e. taxonomic richness and total and relative abundance of functional feeding groups, FFG) showed differences between streams with different riparian vegetation and between hydrological periods. Total abundance of all FFGs was lower in afforested streams and scrapers’ relative abundance was higher in grassland streams at the low water period. In addition, in most FFGs richness was diminished in afforested streams. Changes in light intensity, hydrology and coarse organic matter inputs produced by afforestation alter fluvial habitats and consequently the composition and trophic structure of invertebrate communities in grassland streams of Córdoba mountains.     

Fecundity in the marine spiny lobster Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae)

Fecundity in Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards, 1851) has been studied by a detailed investigation of (a) the total weight of eggs carried by female specimens, (b) the average number of eggs per 1 g sample, and (c) the total number of eggs carried by females. In mid October 1966, 217 females “in berry” (that is, carrying external eggs) were examined and measured at Spirits Bay, New Zealand. The fecundity study is based on the results obtained from 21 selected specimens, with carapace lengths from 15.5 cm to 23.5 cm.

A direct relation was found between the total weight of eggs carried and increase in carapace length. The total weight of eggs carried varied from about 51 g to 238 g for carapace lengths of 15.5 cm to 23.5 cm. No correlation was shown between the average number of eggs per 1 g sample and increase in carapace length. Considerable variation was noted in the number of eggs per 1 g sample, which ranged from a low count of 6,453 eggs to a high count of 8,341 eggs. The total number of eggs carried by female J. verreauxi was found to be related to an increase in carapace length. Furthermore, increase in fecundity per relative carapace length increase was noted to be greater in smaller specimens than in larger specimens. The total number of eggs carried ranged from about 385,000 for a carapace length of 15.5 cm to 1,940,000 for a carapace length of 23.5 cm.

Fecundity, as measured by the total weight of eggs carried and the total number of eggs produced, was found to be much higher in J. verreauxi than in several Jasus species previously studied by other workers.     

不同投喂率对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼生长及体成分的影响

选取同一种进口鳟鱼标准饲料,设1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%和5.0%共5个投喂率水平,在溶解氧为8.0—8.5mg/L、水温为(16±0.5)℃的流水条件下,对初始体重为5.32—6.43g的细鳞鲑幼鱼进行为期35d的生长实验。结果表明,随着投喂率的增加,相对增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)先升高后降低,4.0%处理组的这两项指标显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05),分别为289.82和3.89;饲料转化率(FCE)则呈现逐渐降低趋势,2.0%组的FCE最低,5.0%组最高。随着投饲率的增加,细鳞鲑幼鱼鱼体水分含量呈下降趋势;灰分含量无规律性变化;粗蛋白含量保持在相近水平(除1.0%处理组);粗脂肪含量无规律性变化,但3.0%组显著高于其它各处理组,4.0%组鱼体粗脂肪含量最低。综合衡量WGR、SGR和FCE等指标,认为细鳞鲑幼鱼(5—25g体重)在密度为300尾/m3、水温为(16±0.5)℃流水条件下,最适宜的投饲率为3.0%—4.0%。     

The food and feeding of seven fish species from the Campbell Plateau,New Zealand

The food and feeding habits of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis), javelin fish (Lepi‐dorhynchus denticulatus), ling (Genypterus blacodes), smooth rattail (Coelorinchus aspercephalus), silverside (Argentina elongata), and small‐scaled notothenid (Notothenia microlepidota) sampled from the Campbell Plateau in 1979 were examined. The importance of prey items in the diet has been assessed by an ‘index of relative importance’, which combines measurements of frequency of occurrence, number, and weight of prey. Hoki, southern blue whiting, and javelin fish are pelagic feeders. Hoki preyed largely on natant decapod crustaceans, amphipods, and myctophid and photichthyid fishes. The main prey of southern blue whiting were amphipods, natant decapods, and euphausiids. Javelin fish fed on natant decapods, amphipods, and small squid. Seasonal and regional differences in feeding, and dietary changes with length of fish were evident. Ling, smooth rattail, silverside, and small‐scaled notothenid are predominantly benthic feeders. Ling preyed on natant decapods, macrourid fishes, and small hoki. The diet of rattail comprised natant decapod crustaceans, opal fishes (Hemerocoetes spp.), and poly‐chaetes. Silverside fed almost solely on salps. Salps, amphipods, brachyuran crustaceans, and opal fishes were the main prey of small‐scaled notothenid.