昼夜垂直移动对黄海中南部小黄鱼可捕系数的影响

鱼类的昼夜垂直移动是影响渔业资源调查可捕系数的重要因素之一,对调查获得的各种渔获物资源量指数（abundance index,AI）进行校正,对优化估计物种的空间分布和资源量估算有重要作用。本文以黄海中南部小黄鱼为例,利用2006-2009年和2011年黄海秋季底拖网渔业资源调查数据,应用地理统计二阶广义线性混合模型,量化了昼夜时段对黄海中南部小黄鱼AI的影响。不同昼夜时段对AI的随机效应系数表明,在黄海中南部秋季渔业资源调查中,底拖网对小黄鱼的可捕系数存在明显的昼夜变化:在午夜23点到凌晨3点间,可捕系数最低;凌晨3点后,可捕系数逐渐增大,直至9点达到峰值;在中午10点至下午16点,可捕系数小幅度降低后保持相对稳定,随后急剧下降;傍晚19点以后,可捕系数处于相对较低水平,直至午夜23点后降至最低水平。本研究通过地理统计二阶广义线性混合模型,去除了昼夜垂直移动对小黄鱼可捕系数的影响,预测的小黄鱼空间密度分布与其AI实际观测值以及渔场空间格局基本一致。另外,模型估计的2006-2009年和2011年秋季黄海中南部小黄鱼的总资源量指数相对扫海面积法的估计值精确度更高,且其变动趋势与黄海中南部沿岸两省（山东和江苏）小黄鱼次年总渔获量的变动情况一致。     

天文大潮对南海北部浮游动物生物量的影响

基于2020年8月至11月在南海北部获取的声学多普勒流速剖面仪观测数据,利用后向散射强度数据估算得到相对体积散射强度并用其表征浮游动物生物量的相对大小,对相对体积散射强度的半月变化与具有半月周期的潮流动能进行相关性分析,进而分析天文大潮对声学估算的浮游动物生物量的影响。结果表明：半月周期的相对体积散射强度与潮流动能之间呈负相关关系,即天文大潮时,潮流动能较强,水体相对体积散射强度较低,浮游动物生物量则较小,天文小潮时则情况相反。初步推测其原因为：天文大潮时,强潮流一方面导致浮游动物生存环境恶化,使其生物量下降,另一方面也改变了浮游动物垂直迁移特性,浮游动物迁移到近海底处使其难以被观测。     

Diel microbial variations at a coastal Northern Adriatic station affected by Po River outflows

Diel sampling was performed during an early spring survey in the Northern Adriatic Sea at a coastal station off the Po River delta. Samples were taken every 6 h at spring tide maxima and minima in the sub-superficial layer, at the maximum fluorescence depth (∼3 m). Variations in microbial community structure and its processes were assessed by considering heterotrophic bacteria, picocyanobacteria, viruses, exoenzymatic activities, microphytoplankton, nanoplankton and bacterial/cyanobacterial Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles. A considerable diatom bloom, mostly supported by Skeletonema marinoi was detected. All microbial parameters except viruses, showed a sinusoidal trend with a 12 h period; only picocyanobacteria expressed relative maxima during high tide, showing a phase in opposition to the other parameters. No substantial changes in DGGE band patterns were detected. Even though the results showed bacterial activities to be influenced by the phytoplankton bloom, all microbial parameters' diel trends (except viruses) preferentially followed the tidal fluctuation rather than the light:dark cycle.     

Fish utilization of a salt marsh intertidal creek in the Yangtze River estuary, China

The structure and temporal variations of the fish community in salt marshes of Chinese estuaries are poorly understood. Fish utilization of a salt marsh intertidal creek in the Yangtze River estuary was studied based on quarterly sampling surveys in July and November, 2004, and February and May, 2005. Fishes were collected by consecutive day and night samplings using fyke nets during the ebbing spring tides. A total of 25,010 individuals were caught during the study. 17 families and 33 species were documented, and the most species-rich family was Gobiidae. Three species, Synechogobius ommaturus, Chelon haematocheilus and Lateolabrax maculatus together comprised 95.65% of the total catch, which were also the most important commercial fishery species in the Yangtze River estuary. The fish community was dominated by juvenile individuals of estuarine resident species. Time of year significantly affected fish use of salt marshes, but no significant effects of diel periodicity on the fish community were found except for fish sampling in July. These findings indicate that salt marshes in the Yangtze River estuary may play important nursery roles for fish community.     

Ecosystem specific yield for estimating evapotranspiration and groundwater exchange from diel surface water variation

The White method, routinely used to estimate phreatophyte transpiration from diel groundwater variation, also provides measures of total evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater fluxes in surface waters. Such applications remain rare, however, and critically require accurate representation of stage‐dependent variation in specific yield (S_y). High‐resolution stage data from three Florida swamps were used to evaluate different relationships between S_y and stage (ecosystem specific yield, ESY). A discretized form, ESY_D, assumes constant S_y near unity for inundated conditions, applying soil S_y for belowground stage and open water S_y (S_y,OW ≈ 1.0) for aboveground stage. A mixture approach, ESY_M, applies a stage‐dependent interpolation between S_y,Soil and S_y,OW using stage‐area relationships and assumes rapid lateral equilibration between inundated and non‐inundated wetland areas. Finally, an empirical formulation, ESY_RR, uses measured ratios of rain to rise to estimate stage‐specific S_y. All formulations yielded reasonable ET rates (ET ≈ PET) at high stage; ESY_D markedly overestimated ET (ET/PET > 3) at intermediate stage, whereas ESY_M and ESY_RR maintained ET/PET near 1.0. Estimated groundwater fluxes using ESY_M and ESY_RR correlated well with Darcy‐estimated flows, but were larger, likely due to uncertainties in Darcy parameters. Well transects across wetlands documented equal water elevation and diel variation across inundated and non‐inundated areas, verifying rapid equilibration that reduces S_y and explaining overestimation by ESY_D. However, equilibration area varied within and among wetlands, explaining observed differences between ESY_M and ESY_RR, and suggesting ESY_RR may be preferred. Stage histograms followed the shape of ESY_RR, highlighting reciprocal influences of ESY on stage stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CO2 absorption of sandy soil induced by rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem

Soil CO₂ flux is strongly influenced by precipitation in many ecosystem types, yet knowledge of the effects of precipitation on soil CO₂ flux in semi‐arid desert ecosystems remains insufficient, particularly for sandy soils. To address this, we investigated the response of sandy soil CO₂ flux to rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem in northern China during August–September 2011. Significant changes (P < 0.05) were found in diel patterns of soil CO₂ flux induced by small (2.1 mm), moderate (12.4 mm) and large (19.7 mm) precipitation events. Further analysis indicated that rainfall pulses modified the response of soil CO₂ flux to soil temperature, including hysteresis between soil CO₂ flux and soil temperature, with F_s higher when T_s was increasing than when T_s was decreasing, and the linear relationship between them. Moreover, our results showed that rainfall could result in absorption of atmospheric CO₂ by soil, possibly owing to mass flow of CO₂ induced by a gradient of gas pressure between atmosphere and soil. After each precipitation event, soil CO₂ flux recovered exponentially to pre‐rainfall levels with time, with the recovery times exhibiting a positive correlation with precipitation amount. On the basis of the amounts of precipitation that occurred at our site during the measurement period (August–September), the accumulated rain‐induced carbon absorption evaluated for rainy days was 1.068 g C m^?2; this corresponds approximately to 0.5–2.1% of the net primary production of a typical desert ecosystem. Thus, our results suggest that rainfall pulses can strongly influence carbon fluxes in desert ecosystems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光色对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾耗氧率昼夜变化节律的影响

采用流水装置测定了中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)稚虾在4种先色处理下耗氧率的昼夜变化.实验设四种光色处理,分别为自然光(590nm)、黄光(580nm)、绿光(525 nm)和蓝光(435nm),光照周期为14L:10D,水温为25.0±0.5℃,实验虾的规格为(5.507±0.147)...     

The diel verticalmigration of sound scatterers observed by an acoustic Doppler current profiler in the Luzon Strait from July 2009 to April 2011

Acoustic Doppler current profiler （ADCP） receives echoes from sound scatterers, then their speed is calcu- lated by the Doppler effect. In the open ocean, most of these backscatterers are from the plankton. The sound scatterers descend down to depth at around dawn, their mean speed is 2.9 cm/s, then they ascend up to the surface layer at around dusk with a mean speed of 2.1 cm/s, in the Luzon Strait. The descending speed is faster, which suggests that this zooplankton population may accelerate its downward migration under the action of the gravity. The vertical distribution of a mean volume backscattering strength （MVB- S） in the nighttime has two peaks, which locate near the upper and lower boundary layers of halocline, respectively. However, the backscatterers only aggregate near the surface layer in the daytime. The diel ver- tical migration （DVM） of sound scatterers has several characteristic patterns, it is stronger in summer, but weaker in winter, and the maximum peak occurs in September. The DVM occurrence is synchronous with the seawater temperature increasing at around dawn and dusk, it may affect the ocean mixing and water stratification,     

2013年夏季琼东海域营养盐与叶绿素a的周日波动及其影响因素

基于2013年8月琼东海域两个连续站的观测资料,对比分析了近岸站位和陆架站位的营养盐和叶绿素a浓度周日变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:在垂直分布上,近岸站位S1与陆架站位S2的温跃层减弱了营养盐的向上输运;在时间变化上,S1站底层硅酸盐、硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度具有半日波动的特点,而S2站的营养盐则不具有周日波动的现象,这说明近岸站位的营养盐受到潮汐作用的影响更显著。S1站的叶绿素a分层不明显,夜间的低值可能体现浮游动物的摄食作用,S2站位的叶绿素a分层明显,夜间没体现浮游动物的摄食作用。总体上,琼东海域近岸站位S1和陆架区站位S2叶绿素a和营养盐周日波动都受到温跃层、潮汐、生物作用和光照的影响,但S1站受潮汐作用影响更显著,且S1站叶绿素a浓度还受到浮游动物摄食作用影响。由于叶绿素a和营养盐受到多种环境要素的影响,使得两者相关性不显著。