乌鲁木齐东道海子剖面的硅藻记录与环境演变

通过分析乌鲁木齐河尾闾湖泊东道海子剖面的硅藻记录,结合孢粉、磁化率、烧失量和粒度分析资料,以^14C测年数据为基础,讨论了天山北麓古尔班通古特沙漠南部边缘的环境演变。研究认为：东道海子地区在4900aBP～3120aBP这一时段气候较稳定,3120aBP以来,有几次波动;湖泊的高湖面期与气候的冷期对应,湖泊的盐碱度较低,硅藻以及水生、沼生植物生长较繁盛;湖泊的中湖面期与气候的暖期对应,湖泊的盐碱度较高,硅藻以及水生、沼生植物生长较稀少。     

南冲绳海槽沉积物中淡水硅藻的发现及1000年以来台风降雨的重建

利用主成分分析法对冲绳海槽南部MD05-2908孔近1000年来沉积物硅藻数据进行研究发现, MD05-2908孔各样品在主成分一上的得分情况与该孔淡水硅藻含量、夏季海水表层盐度变化以及台湾近1000年来的降水异常有良好的相关性, 因此, 各样品在主成分一上的得分可作为台湾东北部台风降雨指标, 用来指示台风强降雨事件对南冲绳海槽海洋环境的影响情况。近1000年来台湾东北部台风强降雨事件波动增加, 在1500~1800A.D. 期间达到峰值; 此外, 5次典型的强台风降雨记录, 分别发生于1040A.D.、1310A.D.、1530A.D.、1690A.D. 和1900A.D., 其平均重现周期为215年(160~270年)。利用MD05-2908孔各样品在主成分一上的得分重建的台风记录与广东、台湾等地已有的台风记录有较好的对应关系, 进一步验证了硅藻作为研究工具重建古台风记录的可行性。     

渤海湾西北岸滨海湖埋藏牡蛎礁硅藻及其记录的古环境

对位于渤海湾西北岸平原的滨海湖埋藏牡蛎礁中各层牡蛎壳的泥质充填物做硅藻分析,整个牡蛎礁中海水砂质潮间带指标种标志种的Auliscus caelatus含量较高,为19%~42%,表明滨海湖礁体形成于潮间带环境。根据主要硅藻含量的变化,结合14C测年,自下而上将礁体发育期间的古环境分为3个带:I带为2 445~2 327 cal.aBP,礁体在向上建礁的过程中,海水作用逐渐减弱,潮间带特征愈加明显,为受河流影响较强且较为开放的潟湖潮间带环境;Ⅱ带咸水种硅藻Thalassionema nitzschioides的比例急剧增加;外洋指标种的Coscinodiscus spp.和Actinocyclus spp.急剧下降,表明在约2 327 cal.aBP,海岸带砂嘴闭合,形成较为封闭的潟湖内侧潮间带环境,且河流作用减弱导致潟湖的咸度明显增加;Ⅲ带为2 327~2 287 cal.aBP,由封闭的潟湖环境又转向较开放的潟湖潮间带环境。     

大洋硅藻席沉积与冰期旋回中的碳-氮循环

成席硅藻勃发与沉积埋藏过程链接了海洋有机碳生成-输出-埋藏以及大洋深部溶解无机碳的生成与储存的全过程,该过程及其对大洋碳-氮循环的潜在重大影响正引起学术界的关注。通过搜集整理一系列文献及数据,对成席硅藻在细胞层面的特殊功能、勃发机制以及硅藻席沉积物的时空分布特征进行了总结,尝试讨论硅藻席沉积对轨道时间尺度上全球碳-氮循环的潜在影响。由于成席硅藻具有一系列特点,包括在弱光条件下生存、利用大液泡来存储营养盐和调控浮力、与固氮蓝细菌共生、尿素循环等,导致成席硅藻在寡营养的层化水体中或者大洋锋面处容易获得生存竞争优势并发生勃发。根据沉积记录,在第四纪冰期,热带-亚热带大西洋以及热带西太平洋-东印度洋出现大规模的Ethmodiscus rex硅藻席勃发并向海洋内部输出大量有机碳。有机碳中的绝大部分都在水柱中发生降解,只有少部分保存到海底沉积物中。推测硅藻席勃发贡献了冰期深海内部“呼吸碳库”的增长以及大气二氧化碳浓度的降低。由于E. rex勃发加快了海洋上层营养盐的周转速率,因此也可能促进了冰期海洋氮储库的扩张。此外,氧同位素14/12期和4/2期间同时出现大洋无机碳碳同位素重值事件和热带-亚热带硅藻席勃发事件,二者之间可能存在机制上的关联。因此,成席硅藻是耦合大洋碳-氮循环的重要组成部分,进一步厘清地质历史时期硅藻席勃发规模及其在海洋元素循环中的作用,有助于解开冰期旋回尺度上的全球碳-氮循环之谜。     

渤海湾表层沉积硅藻组合

分析了渤海湾潮间带4条长度为2~3 km的测线的14个站位的表层沉积硅藻,结合前人在浅海区(低潮线以下至水深约30 m处)15个站位的表层沉积硅藻资料,发现并统计了分属于21属的46种硅藻。应用对应分析方法,将渤海湾潮间带及浅海区表层沉积硅藻初步划分为3个组合。其中,组合Ⅰ为条纹-柱状小环藻-圆筛藻组合,分布在以泥质为主的潮间带区;组合Ⅱ为双眉藻-曲壳藻组合,分布在砂质为主的潮间带区;组合Ⅲ为条纹-柱状小环藻-菱形藻-圆筛藻-具槽直链藻组合,分布在浅海区。从潮间带向浅海区,随水深的增加,呈现出条纹-柱状小环藻数量减少、具槽直链藻数量增加的趋势。     

苯酰胺类化合物防污活性基团的初步探索

开发绿色环保防污剂是海洋船舶防污涂料研究的重要方向,查明防污活性化合物分子结构中的防污活性基团,是设计开发新型防污剂的关键。本文合成了三种结构相似的苯酰胺类化合物HNOB、DOLPA和DHNOB,通过FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR测试表征三种化合物的分子结构,利用典型污损生物硅藻和贻贝作为目标生物,测试其对硅藻和贻贝附着的影响,并将分子结构与防污活性进行对比,初步探讨影响防污性能的活性基团。硅藻和贻贝附着实验均表明,HNOB的防污性能较好,半数抑制浓度远低于DOLPA和DHNOB。通过结构对比分析发现,极性和非极性结构的协同作用比单一的极性基团或非极性长碳链基团能更好地赋予苯酰胺类物质良好的防污性能。该研究初步探讨了苯酰胺类化合物的构效关系,有助于新型防污活性化合物的设计开发和结构优化,并对探究该类化合物防除污损生物附着的机理和快速筛选有潜力的防污化合物具有重要意义。     

The mid- to late Holocene paleoceanographic changes in the northern North Atlantic

A high-resolution diatom record from core MD99-2275 shows a general paleoceanographic change in the northern North Atlantic since 5000 cal. a B.P. by Principle Component Analysis. Sea surface temperature (SST) increased gradually during 5000 and 3000 cal. a B.P. on the North Icelandic shelf as a result of increasing influence of warm Atlantic water mass from the Irminger Current. It apparently started to decrease since 3000 cal. a B.P. due to the weakening influence of warm water and enhanced influence of the Polar and Arctic water masses from the East Greenland Current and the East Icelandic Current. Abrupt decreases in SST and intrusions of Polar and Arctic water superimposed on the late Holocene cooling trend during 3000-2600, 1300-1000 and 600-200 cal. a B.P.. The paleoceanographic record revealed from core MD99-2275 corresponds well with δ¹⁸O record from the GISP2 and is generally consistent with other SST records based on diatom on the North Icelandic shelf. __________ Translated from Marine Science Bulletin, 2008, 27(5) [译自:海洋通报]     

Early Holocene shore displacement and evidence of irregular isostatic uplift northwest of Lake Vänern, western Sweden

In the 1920's the Swedish geologist Lennart von Post found evidence of irregular early Holocene isostatic uplift in the region northwest of Lake Vänern in western Sweden. von Post based his conclusions on levellings of ancient shore lines. These were indirectly dated by pollen stratigraphical investigations in basins situated at approximately the same altitudes as the shore lines. To test von Post's hypothesis, we have adopted a different methodological approach. The sediments in twelve small lake basins, within five minor areas in this region, have been investigated with respect to when they became isolated from ancient Lake Vänern. Initially all the lake thresholds were levelled. Altitudes range between 165 and 96 m above sea level. By combining the results of mineral magnetic and diatom stratigraphical analyses it has been possible to determine the level in the sediment when the basin became isolated. The ¹⁴C age of this isolation level has been inferred from AMS dates based on the NaOH-soluble fraction of bulk sediment, partly with very low organic content. Altogether, 36 radiocarbon datings have been carried out, ranging from 10080 to 8800 ¹⁴C years BP. Pollen analyses, and subsequent correspondence analysis (CA) of all pollen spectra, were carried out around the isolation level in each basin as a complement to the AMS datings.If the region had been subject to irregular isostatic uplift, lakes at the same altitude in the five areas should have been isolated at different times. The AMS determined isolation ages, corrected according to CA of the pollen stratigraphy and compensated for the relatively higher rebound of the northerly situated sites support von Post's conclusion, from the beginning of this century, that the region northwest of Lake Vänern has been subjected to irregular isostatic uplift.     

Lake levels in the southern Bolivian Altiplano (19°–21°S.) during the Late Glacial based on diatom studies

This study is focused on the endorheic Uyni-Coipasa Basin located in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. Stratigraphical and fossil diatom studies based on a detailed radiocarbon chrnology revealed six phases in water-level changes and paleosalinity variations. At 15,430±80 yr B.P., lacustrine conditions settled in the southern Bolivian Altiplano. A saline lake, characterized by benthic meso-metasaline species, reached +4 m altitude above the present bottom of the basin. After 15,430±80 yr B.P., the level rapidly rose to +27 m, as suggested by a tychoplanktonic mesosaline flora. Between 14,500 years and 13,000 years, finely lanminated sediments at +32 m contained successively a dominance of epiphytic mesosaline to hypersaline species and tychoplanktonic oligosaline diatoms, indicating weak fluctuations in water-level and salinity. At 13,000 years, strong changes in the diatom flora occurred; epiphytic oligo-hypersaline diatoms were replaced by planktonic meso-polysaline species. They indicate a deep salt lake (the lake reached +100 m). After 12,000 years, the lake level abruptly dropped, as suggested by fluviatile sediments with a benthic mesopolysaline diatom flora. The main lake was replaced by shallow saline ponds. A wet pulse occurred at 11,400 years, characterized by low water level (+7 m) and high salinity. This lacustrine phase remained until 10,400 yr B.P. These data indicate changes in Precipitation minus Evaporation (P-E). Our regional interpretations are based on a comparison with teh available data on the northern (Lake Titicaca) and southern (Lipez are) Bolivian Altiplano and on the northern Chilean Altiplano (Atacama Desert).