长白山森林植被的生态气候学指标

在全球变化和植被与气候关系的研究中侧重与大尺度、宏观的抽象研究，对小尺度、微观的具体地段植被与气候关系的研究则即地生态气候的研究尚待深入。本文在建立生态气候学指标的基础上，应用桑斯威特（C.W.Thornthwaite)的方法对长白山森林植被的空间分布进行了定量分析。计算了长白山不同坡向不同高度的温度效率指数。根据30个主要树种的温度效率指数，确定了长白山不同坡向的各植被垂直带的温度效率指数及分布高度。并利用AreGIS8.1软件做长白山1：1000000的DEM图，得到长白山不同坡向各垂直带植被与温度效率指数的关系图。     

柴达木盆地别勒滩地区断裂构造对深部卤水分布的控制作用研究

我国柴达木盆地蕴藏着丰富的盐湖资源,但随着开发程度的不断提高,浅部易开采的优质资源不断减少,给产业的可持续发展带来极大风险,走向深部成为必然选择。与浅部相比,盐湖深部以卤水矿为主,具有储层质量相对差、富水性弱且不稳定的特点,开采难度极大。本次研究在察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区块以张性断裂破碎带作为深部富水区勘查的突破口,综合利用遥感解译、重力测量、音频大地电磁测深等技术,查明了研究区断裂带的平面分布特征、储层的厚度变化规律和富水性,认识到在重点研究区深部上更新统储层中存在两个富水断裂带。在此基础上利用氡气异常特征定位断裂"集水廊道"的准确位置,并通过钻井和试采工作得到了证实。本研究不仅为别勒滩地区深部卤水矿的勘查和开采提供了重要依据,也丰富和完善了盐湖区深部卤水的断裂破碎带控矿理论。     

黄河三角洲软弱层变形和刺穿作用

黄河三角洲刺穿体分布在废弃三角洲叶瓣水下斜坡的下部,成因与密西西比三角洲有很大差别,其形成与软弱层变形(内因)和海洋侵蚀(外因)密切相关。高分辨率黄河三角洲典型的地震地层和解释地层剖面、浅地层剖面和钻孔资料联合解释表明,海底刺穿的发源层来自于河口沙坝下部的前三角洲相软弱层变形。三角洲特有的地层结构造成软弱层上覆的物质压力分布不均,普遍存在一个沿三角洲斜坡下部分布的低压异常带,三角洲堆积过程中,软弱层在低压异常带中的变形已经存在,形成前三角洲上部的凸出地形。黄河口摆动后,海底快速冲刷,在最大冲刷中心也是最大压力释放中心刺穿体形成,随着海洋侵蚀速率减缓,刺穿作用将逐渐减弱,最终将被冲刷消亡。软弱层变形及刺穿对海洋工程设施危害极大。类似这种三角洲特有的地层压力结构在平原海岸地区广泛存在,深入研究软弱层变形机理,对近海工程意义重大。     

Amphibolite facies metamorphism in shear zones in the Buchan area of NE Scotland

Abstract A major system of steep Caledonian shear zones, of regional extent, has been identified in NE Scotland. The shear zones affect a wide range of lithologies, including Argyll and Southern Highland Group Dalradian, 'Younger Basic'intrusives and their hornfelses, and also the earlier of the more acid intrusions. The observed fabrics and parageneses are consistent with low-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism. These shear zones represent a phase of movement which occurred in the 490-465 Ma interval when ambient temperatures were still high, and it is concluded that this is the principal control on the metamorphic grade achieved within the shear zones, although local anomalies may exist.     

Soil erosion and conservation on land cultivated and drained for afforestation

Erosion of soil from pre-afforestation plough furrows has been measured on four soil types in Scotland for 12 to 18 month periods between 1987 and 1990. Rainfall-run-off was also measured at one site. Run-off is directly proportional to furrow length and rainfall intensity, and for a wide range of intensities (typically > 6 mm hr^?1) small amount of soil is flushed out of the furrows. However, for furrow spacings of 3.8 m, a critical downslope run-off increment associated with significant soil loss is of the order of 25 cm³ s^?1 m^?1, which is in accord with a storm of five years return period and a maximum intensity of 25 mm hr^?1. The total run-off volume for any hydrograph is commensurate with the total rainfall in the rainstorm — typically 40–80% by the hydrograph peak and approaching 100% by the end of the hydrograph; i.e. long term storage is negligible. A positive relationship was recorded between furrow length, slope angle and sediment yield, with deposition predominating in furrows less than 30 m in length on slopes less than a few degrees. Soil loss is proportional to the excess streampower expended by the run-off with an exponent in the range 1–1.5. For the soils examined, significant differences in soil loss when comparing sites for low power expenditure become undifferentiated at high power expenditures. For the rainfall regimes monitored, maximum soil losses were in the region of 40 kg per meter run-length of furrow, when soil peds were ripped from the bed. Laboratory data concerning the critical erosion threshold power and shear stress to erode soil peds are in general accord with the threshold furrow run-lengths defined using the field data for a five year storm and the soil losses observed.     

Resource Utilization Pattern and Development in Hills——A Case for the Pindar Basin of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Agrarian system is well adapted in Himalayan eco-system. Hence, the people have adopted the traditional subsistence cereal farming and it becomes the main stay of Himalayan people. About 80 percent of the workable force is attached with agriculture and its allied practices, according to the census of 1991. Although, horticultural farming runs parallel with agriculture, its proportion in terms of land is quite less, resulted in a negligible place in the economy of the region. Human resources, mainly men are attached with national security after recruitment in Army. While, women play a vital and integrated role in maintaining the workable potential in the field of agriculture and are known as backbone of economy. An animal resource implies foremost and wider part in agricultural system and economy as well Water resources are unutilized yet, while almost all the major rivers of our country are originated from and flowing through this region. Increasing population causes forest resources depletion. The economy of the region is rested either on ‘traditional cereal farming‘ or ‘money order based‘ development, which could not take place due to its remoteness from the main streams of the country. The impactof modern technology with innovation in agricultural system remains impracticable due to unwillingness of people in one hand and on the other hand, adversege ographical conditions like topography, climate etc. which could not permit the uses of modern innovation in the field of agriculture. As for infra-structurally, this region is lacked behind, due to its inaccessibility. While, this region is bestowed with numerous rivers, many places for tourists and pilgrims, and huge forest resources. They might be used evenly in thedevelopment processes. The practice of tourism will help for the further development, particularly, in the wake of the newly born state, Uttaranchal. The present paper aims to evaluate the present potentiality of resources and their balanced utilization in the Pindar Basin. A precise study has been done on resource utilization, ecology and environment with keeping view in mind that more or less exploitation of resources could not influence the environment and the economy of the region.     

Macrofaunal involvement in the sublittoral decay of kelp debris: The sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

Psammechinus miliaris occurs in the Clyde Sea area in large numbers (<18 individuals per 100 g^?1 weed dry wt) on sublittoral beds of detached Laminaria saccharina. Its rôle in weed decomposition has been examined by comparing its responses (behavioural choice, growth rate, absorption efficiencies of both carbon and protein, gut retention times and rate of faecal output) to fresh and rotting weed.Younger urchins grew faster than older individuals on a diet of rotting weed but not on fresh weed. Large seasonal variation existed, however, with fast growth occurring in June–August and little, or no, growth in December–February, irrespective of diet. Starved controls did not grow. Correcting for seasonality, rotting kelp still promoted faster growth of young urchins than did fresh weed. Larger (older) individuals showed no difference. Urchins fed fresh weed had significantly longer gut retention times. Protein absorption efficiency was higher on fresh than rotting weed, varying with weed protein content and size of urchin. Very young individuals can only digest high protein weed efficiently, eg. material derived from near the frond meristem. Organic carbon content of rotting weed was significantly lower than fresh weed. Carbon absorption efficiencies were significantly higher on fresh weed which related to organic carbon content. Standard-sized urchins fed rotting weed produced larger dry weights of faeces per day, reflecting increased ingestion rate. In closed-system choice experiments urchins preferred rotting weed kinetically. Size-frequency analysis of field populations suggested that weed beds are principally colonized by larval settlement from the plankton.Mature Psammechinus have evolved different ‘strategies’ for exploiting fresh and rotting weed. Fresh weed is relatively difficult to digest and long gut retention times allow high protein absorption efficiencies to be attained. Rotting weed has microbial protein in quantities and a lower organic carbon fraction. Some bacterial protein is seemingly unavailable though and lower protein absorption efficiencies result. Thus gut retention time is shortened and more food passed through the gut. Growth remains equivalent. Substratum digestion is of paramount importance for Psammechinus feeding on either fresh or rotting weed, cf. the ‘classical’ microbe-stripping detritivore of Fenchel.     

Petrological evolution of amphibolite shear zones, Cheyenne Belt, south-eastern Wyoming, USA

Abstract Metre-scale amphibolite boudins in the Cheyenne Belt of south-eastern Wyoming are cut and deformed by shear zones which preserve a full strain transition across 7 cm, from relatively undeformed amphibolite with a relict igneous texture to mylonitic amphibolite with an L-S tectonic fabric. The strain transition is marked by the progressive rotation of amphibole + plagioclase aggregates into parallelism with the shear-zone boundary. An increase in strain magnitude is indicated by development of the tectonic fabric and progressive reduction of amphibole and plagioclase grain size as a result of cataclasis. Bulk chemistry of five samples across a single strain transition shows no significant or systematic variation in major element chemistry except for a minor loss of SiO₂, which indicates that the shear zone was a system essentially closed to non-volatile components during metamorphism and deformation. Amphibolites throughout the shear zone consist of amphibole and plagioclase with only minor amounts of quartz, chlorite, epidote, titanite and ilmenite. Within the relatively undeformed amphibolite, amphibole and plagioclase have wide compositional ranges in single thin sections. Amphibole compositions vary from actinolitic hornblende to magnesio-hornblende with increases in Al, Fe, Na and K contents and decreases in Si and Mg that can be modelled as progress along tschermakite, edenite and FeMg_-1 exchange vectors from tremolite. Plagioclase ranges from An₆₀ in cores to An₃₀ within grain-boundary domains. With increasing strain magnitude, local variation of amphibole composition decreases as amphibole becomes predominantly magnesio-hornblende. Plagioclase composition range also decreases, although grain-boundary domains still have higher albite content. These petrological data indicate that shear-zone metamorphism was controlled by the magnitude of strain during synmetamorphic deformation. SEM and microprobe imaging indicate that chemical reactions occurred by a dissolution and reprecipitation process during or after cataclastic deformation. This suggests that grain-boundary formation was an important process in the petrological evolution of the shear zone, possibly by providing zones for fluid ingress to facilitate metamorphic reactions. These results highlight the necessity for conducting detailed microstructural evaluation of rocks in order to interpret petrological, isotopic and geochronological data.     

Glacier ice mass fluctuations and fault instability in tectonically active Southern Alaska

Across the plate boundary zone in south central Alaska, tectonic strain rates are high in a region that includes large glaciers undergoing wastage (glacier retreat and thinning) and surges. For the coastal region between the Bering and Malaspina Glaciers, the average ice mass thickness changes between 1995 and 2000 range from 1 to 5 m/year. These ice changes caused solid Earth displacements in our study region with predicted values of −10 to 50 mm in the vertical and predicted horizontal displacements of 0–10 mm at variable orientations. Relative to stable North America, observed horizontal rates of tectonic deformation range from 10 to 40 mm/year to the north–northwest and the predicted tectonic uplift rates range from approximately 0 mm/year near the Gulf of Alaska coast to 12 mm/year further inland. The ice mass changes between 1995 and 2000 resulted in discernible changes in the Global Positioning System (GPS) measured station positions of one site (ISLE) located adjacent to the Bagley Ice Valley and at one site, DON, located south of the Bering Glacier terminus. In addition to modifying the surface displacements rates, we evaluated the influence ice changes during the Bering glacier surge cycle had on the background seismic rate. We found an increase in the number of earthquakes (M_L≥2.5) and seismic rate associated with ice thinning and a decrease in the number of earthquakes and seismic rate associated with ice thickening. These results support the hypothesis that ice mass changes can modulate the background seismic rate.During the last century, wastage of the coastal glaciers in the Icy Bay and Malaspina region indicates thinning of hundreds of meters and in areas of major retreat, maximum losses of ice thickness approaching 1 km. Between the 1899 Yakataga and Yakutat earthquakes (M_w=8.1, 8.1) and prior to the 1979 St. Elias earthquake (M_s=7.2), the plate interface below Icy Bay was locked and tectonic strain accumulated. We used estimated ice mass change during the 1899–1979 time period to calculate the change in the fault stability margin (FSM) prior to the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. Our results suggest that a cumulative decrease in the fault stability margin at seismogenic depths, due to ice wastage over 80 years, was large, up to 2 MPa. Ice wastage would promote thrust faulting in events such as the 1979 earthquake and subsequent aftershocks.