DETERMINATION OF UNIFORM AND GRANULAR AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS BY LINEAR METHODS / On détermine des caractéristiques des aquifères uniformes et granulaires par des méthodes linéaires

Abstract

It is a known fact that some methods used in the calculation of aquifer coefficients for unconsolidated formations require the use of semilogarithmic and logarithmic papers and others need previously prepared tables. In this study some linear methods are considered for the determination of aquifer characteristics because of the greater possibilities these give for accurate drawing of the drawdown/time graph.     

Landsat,aerial photography and state factors in soil survey of arid and humid Patagonia,Argentina

Frederiksen, Peter: LANDSAT, aerial photography and state factors in soil survey of arid and humid Patagonia, Argentina. Geografisk Tidsskrift 81: 39–48. Copenhagen, June, 1981

The applicability of LANDSAT, aerial photography, and topographical maps was tested in relation to soil survey of humid and arid Patagonia, Argentina. Fieldwork was carried out as toposequence-studies in five vegetation zones and observations of roadcuts. These data were compared with LANDSAT and aerial photography. Only observations on state factors of soil formation were obtained. These showed as a first rough approximation a consistent relationship between observed state factors as expressed in land systems and stage of soil development.     

Franciscan mélanges: coherent blocks in a low-density,ductile matrix

ABSTRACT

The Franciscan Complex comprises the largely sedimentary basement of the California Coast Ranges. This classic trench deposit has undergone a series of superimposed tectonic events since the end of Jurassic time, involving accretion, high-pressure (HP) recrystallization, buoyancy and wedge-driven exhumation, and transcurrent slip. Processes reflect plate convergence, transpressive-orthogonal subduction, and transpressive–transtensive offset. Besides stratigraphically intact strata, the Franciscan displays widespread mélanges of four main types: diapiric serpentinite intrusions, sedimentary olistostromes, broken formations, and tectonic block-in-matrix units. In the northern Coast Ranges, mélanges are especially prevalent in the Central Belt, but also occur in the Eastern and Coastal belts. Diapirs show upward, buoyant flow relative to wall rocks, but some also appear to have involved wedge-driven thrusting. Many serpentinite diapirs and tectonic mélanges contain exotic metamafic inclusions rimmed by actinolite–chlorite reaction rinds. Olistostromes include gravity slump blocks and conglomeratic lenses; petrologically similar to larger slide blocks, pebble layers document a surficial, sedimentary origin, as does the presence of volcanic arc clasts. Broken formations grade by degrees from intact stratal continuity to disrupted units; they only contain cognate boudins of rocks present in the ductile matrix. Some tectonic mélanges are simply intensely disaggregated broken formations, and include rock types of the stratigraphic host. Other tectonic mélanges carry exotic HP blocks of diverse lithologies, generally reflecting higher pressures than attended recrystallization of the low-density matrix. The four mélange types formed through diverse convergent plate-tectonic processes. Many were subjected to a multi-stage overprint; most are strongly deformed, obscuring original textures and structures. Broken formations are the most common disrupted units, accompanied by lesser amounts of tectonic mélanges, olistostromes, and ductile-matrix diapirs. In aggregate, these units reflect the operation of contrasting processes that attest to plate-tectonic evolution of the Franciscan Complex. Strong deformation accompanied oceanic plate underflow, but also took place during coeval HP metamorphism and surfaceward return of accretionary packets, then transitioned to long-sustained, chiefly dextral slip.     

世界海底富钴结壳资源分布特征

大洋富钴结壳资源是潜在的海底金属资源。文章对富钴结壳资源在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋分布的数据进行收集、整理、筛选、建库,从全球角度出发,对富钴结壳的分布特征进行了分析和对比。研究发现,海山、洋脊、海盆和陆坡4种地貌的Co品位分别为0.70%、0.46%、0.50%和0.43%,海山地貌更有利于高Co品位结壳的产出。三大洋中,太平洋海山富钴结壳矿点的分布比例占到了已知总数的73.3%,说明太平洋海山区是世界海底富钴结壳资源主要的产出区。根据入库数据的分布特点,在全球划分出10个富钴结壳成矿区,结合结壳的厚度和分布水深,从各成矿区中划分出富集区,并按照2 cm厚度和4 cm厚度的标准分别对富集区的富钴结壳资源量进行了估算。计算结果显示,太平洋富矿区的富钴结壳质量最好,w（Mn）、w（Co）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）平均分别为23.00%、0.66%、0.44%、0.09%,干结壳资源量分别为2426.33 Mt、70.30 Mt、48.75 Mt、10.30 Mt;按4 cm厚度指标,w（Mn）、w（Co）、w（Ni）、w（Cu）平均分别为23.70%、0.58%、0.48%、0.11%,干结壳资源量分别为1184.53 Mt、29.76 Mt、24.53 Mt、5.01 Mt。     

Alice Springs age shear zones from the southeastern Reynolds Range,central Australia

The southeast Reynolds Range, central Australia, is cut by steep northwest‐trending shear zones that are up to hundreds of metres wide and several kilometres long. Amphibolite‐facies shear zones cut metapelites, while greenschist‐facies shear zones cut metagranites. Rb–Sr and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar data suggest that both sets of shear zones formed in the 400–300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny, with the sheared granites yielding well‐constrained ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages of ca 334 Ma. These data imply that the shear zones represent a distinct tectonic episode in this terrain, and were not formed during cooling from the ca 1.6 Ga regional metamorphism. A general correlation between regional metamorphic grade and the grade of Alice Springs structures implies a similar distribution of heat sources for the two events. This may be most consistent with both phases of metamorphism being caused by the burial of anomalously radiogenic heat‐producing granites. The sheared rocks commonly have undergone metasomatism implying that the shear zones were conduits of fluid flow during Alice Springs times.     

Dating deformation using crushed alkali feldspar: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of shear zones in the Wyangala Batholith,NSW, Australia

Diffusion parameters have been estimated for K-feldspar in and adjacent to mylonite shear zones in the Wyangala Batholith. The parameters obtained suggest that deformation during mylonitisation would have caused argon systematics to reset because diffusion distances were reduced by cataclasis, deformation and/or recrystallisation. However, the mineral lattice remained sufficiently retentive to allow subsequently produced radiogenic argon to be retained. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology is thus able to constrain operation of these biotite-grade ductile shear zones to the period from ca 380 Ma to ca 360 Ma, at the end of the Tabberabberan Orogeny.     

东营凹陷营26断层调节带特征及其对油气分布的控制作用

为揭示复杂断块油田小型断层调节带的特征并明确其对油气分布的控制作用,笔者利用高精度三维地震资料结合油田地质资料分析了营26块内断层的几何学、运动学和动力学特征,认为其为近东西向展布的对向叠覆—同向叠覆复合型断层调节带。西侧主断层(营1断层)与调节断层在剖面上呈多级反"Y"字形组合样式,东侧主断层(营8断层、营31断层)与调节断层为包心菜状组合;营1断层活动性减弱时,将位移量传递给营8断层、营31断层和调节断层,使区域位移有规律变化;通过力学分析认为营26北部断层调节带是在左旋张扭构造应力场作用下形成的,营26南部断层调节带是在右旋张扭构造应力场作用下形成的。结合营26块油气分布、油气来源及断裂活动性与封闭性研究,阐明了主断层沟通烃源灶和储集层,成为油源断层;调节断层停止活动时间早,封闭性好形成断块圈闭,是遮挡断层;建立了营26断层调节带油气成藏模式,预测营13井、营24井和营26井附近为有利滚动勘探开发区。     

Progressive shortening axis rotation recorded by Variscan synkinematic granites : example of the South Armorican shear zone in the Vendée (France)

The Variscan continental collision is expressed by large shear zones in Western Europe. The synthesis of granite ages, related to different deformation fields in the Vendée area, suggests a geodynamic model for the tectonic evolution of this part of the Variscan belt between 370 Ma – 320 Ma. After the first step of the continental collision, leading to high temperature and anatexis at 375-360 Ma, the south-eastern part of the Armorican massif underwent large dextral shearing along N110-N125 trending shear zones, related to a bulk NNW-SSE shortening direction, up to early Visean time. Large-scale displacements progressively decreased at around 345-340Ma. During middle Visean time, the shortening axis direction rotated towards a NNE-SSW position implying changes in the regional deformation field. The occurrence of N70-N100 sinistral and N110-N130 dextral conjugate shear zones within leucogranites are related to that epoch. Finally, a new dextral shear zone system, trending N130-N150 along the Parthenay shear zone, occurs during late Visean time. This progressive middle Visean change of shortening direction probably corresponds to a major change in the Iberian plate motion and indentation during the Mississipian collision.     

Constraints on rigid zones and other distinct layers at the top of the outer core using CMB underside reflected PKKP waves

Clear PKKP, a P wave reflects off the core-mantle boundary on the core side, is recorded by the transcontinental USArray from two deep earthquakes occurred in South America and Tonga, and one intermediate-depth earthquake in the Hindu Kush region. We compare the PKKP waveforms with the direct P waves to investigate the fine structures near the core-mantle boundary, with a primary focus on the core side. We find no evidence for the existence of a sedimentary layer of lighter elements with a thickness above a few hundreds of meters beneath the reflection points of the two deep events, which are located at the Ninety-East Ridge and South Africa. On the other hand the PKKP wave duration of the Hindu Kush event is almost twice as long as that of the P wave, suggesting that multiple reflections may be occurring at the core-mantle boundary located beneath the Antarctic, which is located inside the so-called tangent cylinder of the outer core. The tangent cylinder is an imaginary cylindrical region suggested by geodynamics studies, which has different flow pattern and may have a higher concentration in lighter elements as compared to the rest of the outer core. One possible explanation of the elongated PKKP is a thin distinct layer with a thickness of a few kilometers at the top of the outer core, suggesting that precipitation of lighter elements may occur at the core-mantle boundary. Our data also indicate an extremely low Q_P of 312, approximately 40% of the PREM average (~780), within the large-scale low-velocity anomaly in the lowermost mantle beneath Pacific.     

基于黄土结构损伤的地裂缝局部化破裂发展机制

针对西安地裂缝活动条件下黄土覆盖层裂缝的发展与形成,依据黄土的构度和应力比结构性参数变化规律,分析了黄土构度和抗拉强度之间的关系,建立了黄土结构性演变的数学模型,抗拉强度与抗剪强度随结构性参数变化强度准则,以及反映黄土结构性演变的Mohr-Coulomb屈服面弹塑性模型.通过本构模型嵌入FLAC3D软件,数值模拟西安地裂缝活动边界条件,以及结构性黄土地层结构,进行了黄土结构损伤变化和地层破裂带形成发展分析研究.表明地裂缝错动位移作用条件下,黄土地层塑形区域破裂带发展分为初始剪切破坏、初始拉伸破坏、剪切与拉伸破坏发展、破裂带贯通四个阶段;地层破裂带黄土的结构性损伤衰减变化突出,黄土应力比结构性参数等值线与地层塑性破裂带分布一致.揭示的黄土地层局部化破裂发展过程机制,对于认识地裂缝造成地面建筑物与地下工程灾害有重要的理论和实际意义.