Groundwater Potential Zoning in Thirumanimuttar Sub-Basin Tamilnadu, India—A GIS and Remote Sensing Approach

The main objective of the study is to identify groundwater potential zones in Thirumanimuttar basin with an integrated approach using Remote Sensing and geographical information system(GIS).FCC Image of Landsat TM 30 m resolution data and topographic maps has been used to generate thematic maps like geology,geomorphology,lineament and lineament density,drain-age,drainage density,and slope map of the study area.A number of geomorphic units such as Denudational hills,structural hills,Bajadas,Colluvial plain,Pediplain,Deep Pediment and Alluvial plains have been observed.A composite groundwater potential map has been generated as very high,high,medium,low and very low based on the groundwater availability area.The upper,mid-dle and downstream of the basins have been identified as potential zones for groundwater exploration.The regions of lineaments and intersecting lineaments proved for groundwater potential zones.The data generated was validated with field checks and ob-served to be in conformity with the same.     

Applying the box plot to the recognition of footwall alteration zones related to VMS deposits in a high-grade metamorphic terrain, South Africa, a lithogeochemical exploration application

Alteration zones (more commonly foot wall alteration zones) are related to volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) deposits and represent unique features that may be targeted during exploration. Of these, the chloritic foot wall alteration pipe is the most extensive and characteristic of VMS deposits. This feature is geochemically identified by a strong relative enrichment in aluminium and magnesium and a coupled depletion in calcium and sodium, giving rise to chloritic rocks in the primary environment of formation. During high grade regional metamorphism such chloritic precursor rock types are replaced by an unusual mineral paragenesis, typically containing magnesium rich cordierite, phlogopite, orthoamphiboles or orthopyroxenes and aluminium rich minerals such as sillimanite and corundum. This suggests that the unusual geochemical features of the alteration zone, retained during the deformation and metamorphism, should be recognisable in lithogeochemical exploration.The massive sulfide deposit in the eastern part of the metamorphic Namaqua Province, South Africa, at Areachap, Kantienpan and the defunct Prieska Cu–Zn Mine are hosted by a Mid-Proterozoic volcano sedimentary succession known as the Areachap Group. These deposits were affected by a complex deformation and metamorphic history and represent examples of upper amphibolite to granulite grade metamorphosed VMS deposits.The application of the known lithogeochemical methods is especially complicated where the geology is not well understood, due to the poor rock exposure of complexly deformed and metamorphosed areas, such as in the eastern part of the Namaqua Province.The box plot presents a more readily applicable lithogeochemical method to characterize and identify the alteration process, but it was designed for relatively un-metamorphosed environments. It is demonstrated here that the box plot may also be applied to high-grade metamorphic terrains and that the mineral phases used in defining the boxplot in low grade metamorphic environments may be replaced by their equivalents in high grade metamorphic terrains. The compositional trends of the metamorphic minerals themselves may be used in defining the boxplot for high grade metamorphic terrains. These include the transition of: annite to phlogopite; grossular to almandine or pyrope, augite to enstatite or clinoenstatite, and hornblende to gedrite or cummingtonite. Close to the ore zone, the relative Mg content of pyroxene, cordierite and biotite are higher than further away from this zone. It could be demonstrated that the changes in the mineral compositions are gradational when comparing unaffected rocks with progressively more altered wall rocks.Conclusions based on an application of the isocon method demonstrate that primary footwall alteration zones in the Areachap Group's VMS deposits are characterized by elemental depletion of Na₂O, CaO, Sr, Ni, V and La and enrichment of MgO, Fe₂O_3(total), S, Zn, SiO₂, Co and F. It is shown that the whole rock compositions of rocks that were independently identified as the metamorphic equivalents of altered rocks, using the isocon method, plot in the correct place in the box plot for high grade regionally metamorphosed terrains. This establishes the box plot as an effective and practical tool for lithogeochemical exploration for VMS deposits in complexly deformed high grade metamorphosed terrains.     

塔木察格盆地南贝尔凹陷东次凹构造转换带与油气成藏关系

塔木察格盆地位于蒙古国东部,与中国的海拉尔盆地同属一个盆地,为叠置于兴蒙造山带之上的拉张一挤压型中新生代陆相断陷盆地.南贝尔凹陷位于海拉尔一塔木察格盆地中部断陷带的中部,面积为3 200 km2.南贝尔凹陷东次凹南一北洼槽构造转换带位于南贝尔凹陷东次凹中部,为反向聚敛叠覆型构造转换带,是重要的含油气构造带.转换带对油气...     

北京平原区永定河冲洪积扇地下水水化学特征与演化规律

本文以北京市平原区永定河冲洪积扇地下水化学场的演化机理及地下水水循环规律为研究目的,根据水化学特征的水平分布及典型剖面上的演化过程研究,得到以下结论:1)从永定河冲洪积扇顶部补给区到扇缘排泄区,地下水水化学类型呈现水平分带性,潜水水化学类型由Ca-HCO3过渡到Ca·Mg-HCO3、Mg·Na-SO4,局部因人类活动影...     

初论云南易门地区凤山铜矿床刺穿构造岩-岩相分带模式

以云南易门式凤山铜矿床为例,应用刺穿构造岩-岩相学填图方法,解剖了控矿刺穿体的识别标志、物质组成、类型、内部结构、构造岩分带等特征。通过控矿刺穿体与非控矿刺穿体的对比研究,建立了控矿刺穿体的构造岩-岩相分带模式：从构造刺穿体→灰白色硅化白云岩→青灰色白云岩,依次出现刺穿体岩相带和构造蚀变岩相带,即火山角砾岩相带→含火山岩、板岩角砾岩相带→强铜矿化灰白色硅化白云质碎裂岩相带→铜矿化碎裂白云岩相带→弱硅化白云岩相带。其中强铜矿化硅化白云质碎裂岩相带、铜矿化硅化碎裂白云岩相带是矿体的主要赋存部位。金属硫化物矿物组合与矿石构造亦呈现水平分带规律：黄铜矿+斑铜矿(少)组合,块状、网脉状构造→黄铜矿+斑铜矿+辉铜矿(少)组合,稠密浸染状、脉状构造→黄铜矿+黄铁矿+斑铜矿(少)组合,细脉状、稀疏浸染状、星点状构造。     

开发区土地要素对经济增长的贡献——基于江苏省面板数据的估计与测算

通过构建含有土地要素的生产函数,并与面板数据模型相结合,分析了土地要素对江苏省开发区经济增长的作用。结果显示:(1)江苏省开发区整体正处于规模报酬递增阶段,苏南处于规模报酬不变阶段,苏中、苏北处于规模报酬递增阶段;(2)土地要素对开发区经济增长有正面的推动作用,但开发区经济增长对资本要素更为敏感;(3)土地要素容易被其他要素替代,尤其容易被资本替代;(4)固定资产投资仍是开发区经济增长的主要推动力。未来一段时间内,土地要素的作用将继续削弱,资本要素仍然起到主要作用,土地集约利用水平将不断提高。     

我国东部沿海开放带形成条件、地域分异和发展方向

我国开放政策实施以后,沿海地区陆续出现了经济特区、沿海开放城市、三角洲开放区和特殊政策的海南岛等,已形成了一条多层次、多功能的开放带.这一条带的形成有其优越的地理条件:有18000km 的海岸线、众多的天然良港;有我国中部经济地带、西部经济地带为腹地;有内河和铁路沟通.而且,香港、澳门和侨乡都位于这条带上,经济基础雄厚、人才集中,外引内联,条件十分优越.沿海开放带的经济发展,对推动中部、西部地带经济的发展有重要作用.     

小秦岭东部控矿韧性剪切带特征

根据大量野外地质调查和室内分析研究，小秦岭东部控矿韧性剪切带的构造特征可概括为以下几点：①依据应力矿物塑性变形的差异，区内出露早期、晚期脆韧性控矿剪切带及韧脆性控矿剪切带；②早期脆韧性控矿剪切带形成温度高于５００℃，古应力值大于１００ＭΡａ，剪切方向以右行逆冲为主，变质作用达高绿片岩相；③晚期脆韧性控矿剪切带生成温度低于５００℃，古应力值在７０～５０ＭΡａ之间，既有右行剪切，又有左行剪切，变质作用为绿片岩相；④韧脆性控矿剪切带形成温度更低，古应力值小于５０ＭΡａ，剪切方位多次变化，变质作用为低绿片岩相；⑤在空间上，控矿韧性剪切带呈波浪状，它们在活动—平静—再活动—再平静波浪演化中形成，因而是金矿形成、富集的有利因素之一     

Modelling sediment transport in stream channels in the arid zone of India

Ephemeral channels in arid regions convey larger amounts of sediment than perennial channels in humid regions. Sediment graphs at the outlet of channels have been derived by the standard sediment rating curve technique and by a lumped model based on the instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) concept. The IUSG gives estimates of sediment transport that are better than those derived with the sediment rating curve as it takes into account the availability of erodible material within the channel bed.     

Morphological characteristics and emplacement mechanism of the seamounts in the Central Indian Ocean Basin

The morphotectonic features of the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) provide information regarding the development of the basin. Multibeam mapping of the CIOB reveals presence of abundant isolated seamounts and seamount chains sub-parallel to each other and major fracture zones along 73° E, 79° E and 75°45′ E. Morphological analyses were carried out for 200 seamounts that occur either as isolated edifies or along eight sub-parallel chains. The identified eight parallel seamount chains that trend almost north–south and reflecting the absolute motion of the Indian plate, probably originated from the ancient propagative fractures. Inspite of the differences in their height, the seamounts of these eight chains are morphologically correlatable. In the study area the seamounts are clustered north and south of 12° S latitude. Interestingly, in the area north of 12° S (area II: 9°–12° S) the seamounts are distinctly smaller (≤ 400 m height) whereas, the area south of 12° S (area I: 12°–15° S) has a mixed population of seamounts. The normalized abundance of the CIOB seamount is 976 seamounts/10⁶ km² but on a finer scale this value varies from 500 to 1600 seamounts/10⁶ km², which is less than the seamount concentrations of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans (9000 to 16,000 seamounts/10⁶ km²). Three categories of seamounts are present in the CIOB e.g. (1) single-peaked (2) multi-peaked and (3) composite. The study indicate that single-peaked seamounts are dominant (89%) while multi-peaked is less (8%) and composite ones are rare (3%) in the CIOB.The progressive northward movement of the Indian continent caused collision between India and Asia at around 62 Ma ago. A majority of the near-axis originated seamounts in the CIOB seemed to have formed as a consequence of the temporally widespread (Cretaceous  65 Ma to late Eocene < 49 Ma) collision between India and Eurasia. The regional stress patterns in the Indian plate vary N to NE in the continent and N to NW in Indian Ocean areas. The combined effect of the regional stress patterns maintained the orientation of the seamount chains and the local stress regime helped in the upwelling of magma and formation of seamounts. The low heat flow, morphological features and geochemical signature indicate that the morphotectonic structures formed contemporaneously with the oceanic crust.