Deformable backstop as seaward end of coseismic slip in the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone

Wide-angle seismic surveys performed in the last decade have clarified the 3-D crustal structure along the Nankai Trough. The geometry and velocity structure of the southwestern Japan subduction zone are now well constrained. Comparing these observations with the rupture distribution of historic great thrust earthquakes, it appears that the coseismic rupture occurred along plate boundaries deeper than the wedge/backstop boundary (the boundary between the Neogene-Quaternary accretionary wedge and the crust forming the backstop). From the view of spatial relationship, both rupture distributions of the last two large events and the crust forming the backstop are considerably retreated from the trough axis in the west and east off the Kii Peninsula. In both areas, seamount or ridge subduction is apparent in seismic results, geomorphological data and geomagnetic data. The landward indentation of the deformable backstop, which corresponds to the crustal block of old accreted sediments, may be formed by seamount subduction according to published results of sandbox modeling. In particular, the subducted seamount may be a structural factor affecting the recession of the crustal block forming the backstop.     

A study on the early—warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system’s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

Cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies: thirty years of change

Changes in cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies are examined from the early 1960s to the mid-1990s using census data. Patterns of change within the region are mapped by census division using averaged proportions of land in crops occupied by the main crops for three pairs of census years. Spring wheat and oat have undergone the most significant relative declines. Canola increased dramatically from being the sixth-ranked crop by area in the early 1960s to the third-ranked crop by area by the 1990s. The main change in the Brown soil zone has been a large decline in spring wheat and a compensatory gain in durum wheat. Increases in special crops, especially pulse crops, canola and durum wheat have offset a substantial decline in spring wheat in the Dark Brown soil zone. Barley, tame hay and especially canola have increased at the expense of spring wheat, oat and flaxseed in the Black and Gray soil zones. Prices, transportation costs, changing export markets, crop breeding and local processing all have contributed to these changes.     

吉林省小石人金矿区微量元素地球化学特征

以吉林省小石人金矿区内不同类型岩(矿)石微量元素测试结果为基础,从数据结构和空间结构两方面,对微量元素的地球化学特征进行探讨。统计参数表明:所观测元素在矿区内具有明显的浓集、富集特点,在不同类型岩(矿)石中元素的分布分配也不尽相同。依据分布分配特点,可将矿区内的岩(矿)石分为正常岩石、弱蚀变岩石和强蚀变/矿化岩石3类。多元统计分析成果揭示:所观测元素都参与了金的成矿活动,但行为特点有所差异。依据多元统计特征,可将微量元素分为3个组合类型:Au、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Mn,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag,Co、Ni、V;第一组合为成矿成晕组合,第二组合为金的多金属矿化组合,第三组合为黄铁矿化蚀变组合;元素组合也对应于不同的矿化阶段,指示金的成矿活动及特征。土壤、岩石地化剖面显示所观测的元素间存在空间相关性,但Mn与Au相异,其异常出现在矿化蚀变带的外侧。     

内蒙古大青山深层次韧性剪切带的特征及其成因机制

内蒙古大青山高级变质杂岩区发育多条近东西向、平行相阃排列的深层次韧性剪切带.其主要位于不同岩性的边界,以发育各种条带构造及S-C组构为特征.韧性剪切带与其间弱变形域的应变强弱相间,连续变化的特点可用变形分解理论合理解释.剪切带中的构造岩具有明显不同于中浅层次糜棱岩的微观组构特征,主要表现为无残斑基质之分,广泛发育复晶石英条带,长石多呈三边平衡结构等,反映了地壳深层次的变形主要受扩散蠕变及熔体强化的颗粒流动机制控制.同构造矿物组合与石榴石-黑云母矿物时温压计(710℃,0.6 GPa)显示变形环境为高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相.同构造岩体单颗粒锆石U-Pb同住素年龄在1900 Ma～2200 Ma之间,推测剪切带大致形成于早元古代.韧性剪切带的构造形迹暗示其形成于斜向挤压(NNE-SSW)的构造环境,结合年代学资料及当时的大地构造环境,可认为其是阴山陆块与鄂尔多斯陆块斜向(NNE-SSW)水平会聚导致应变分解的产物.     

洪山泉域水源地保护区的划分探讨

以山西省介休市的洪山泉域为例,分析了泉域的地形地貌、水文地质情况、岩溶水系统特征及泉水成因,探讨了流量变化规律及衰减原因,结合岩溶水系统污染现状以及山西岩溶水系统保护区划分的相关规定,对洪山泉水源地进行了保护区划分,并提出了具体保护措施。     

Driving factors and spatiotemporal effects of environmental stress in urban agglomeration: Evidence from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China

Environmental stress is used as an indicator of the overall pressure on regional environmental systems caused by the output of various pollutants as a result of human activities. Based on the pollutant emissions and socioeconomic databases of the counties in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, this paper comprehensively calculates the environmental stress index(ESI) for the urban agglomeration using the entropy weight method(EWM) at the county scale and analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns and the differences among the four types of major functional zones(MFZ) for the period 2012–2016. In addition, the socioeconomic driving forces of environmental stress are quantitatively estimated using the geographically weighted regression(GWR) method based on the STIRPAT model framework. The results show that:(1) The level of environmental stress in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was significantly alleviated during that time period, with a decrease in ESI of 54.68% by 2016. This decrease was most significant in Beijing, Tangshan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and other central urban areas, as well as the Binhai New Area. The level of environmental stress in counties decreased gradually from the central urban areas to the suburban areas, and the high-level stress counties were eliminated by 2016.(2) The spatial spillover effect of environmental stress increased further at the county scale from 2012 to 2016, and spatial locking and path dependence emerged in the cities of Tangshan and Tianjin.(3) Urbanized zones(development-optimized and development-prioritized zones) were the major areas bearing environmental pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in that time period. The ESI accounted for 65.98% of the whole region, where there was a need to focus on the prevention and control of environmental pollution.(4) The driving factors of environmental stress at the county scale included population size and the level of economic development. In addition, the technical capacity of environmental waste disposal, the intensity of agricultural production input, the intensity of territorial development, and the level of urbanization also had a certain degree of influence.(5) There was spatial heterogeneity in the effects of the various driving factors on the level of environmental stress. Thus, it was necessary to adopt differentiated environmental governance and reduction countermeasures in respect of emission sources, according to the intensity and spatiotemporal differences in the driving forces in order to improve the accuracy and adaptability of environmental collaborative control in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.     

遥感技术在海岸带海洋地质环境综合调查中的应用

海岸带作为人类生存发展的重要区域,其环境地质问题日益突出。通过海岸线确定、水深探测、滩涂演变等方面,介绍了遥感技术在海岸带海洋地质环境综合调查中的应用。