Influences of local hydroclimatology and teleconnections on Florida's precipitation and temperature variability

Understanding the influences of local hydroclimatology and two large-scale oceanic-atmospheric oscillations (i.e., Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) on seasonal precipitation (P) and temperature (T) relationships for a tropical region (i.e., Florida) is the focus of this study. The warm and cool phases of AMO and ENSO are initially identified using sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The associations of SSTs and regional minimum, maximum and average surface air temperatures (SATs) with precipitation are then evaluated. The seasonal variations in P-SATs and P-SSTs associations considering AMO and ENSO phases for sites in (1) two soil temperature regimes (i.e., thermic and hyperthermic); (2) urban and non-urban regions; and (3) regions with and without water bodies, are analysed using two monthly datasets. The analyses are carried out using trend tests, two association measures, nonparametric and parametric statistical hypothesis tests and kernel density estimates. Decreasing (increasing) trend in precipitation (SATs) is noted in the recent multi-decadal period (1985–2019) compared to the previous one (1950–1984) indicating a progression towards warmer and drier climatic conditions across Florida. Spatially and temporally non-uniform variations in the associations of precipitation with SATs and SSTs are noted. Strong positive (weak negative) P–T associations are noted during the wet (dry) season for both AMO phases and El Niño, while significant (positive) P–T associations are observed across southern Florida during La Niña in the dry season. The seasonal influences are predominant in governing the P–T relationship over the regions with and without water bodies; however, considerable variations between El Niño and La Niña are noted during the dry season. The climate variability influences on P–T correlations for hyperthermic and thermic soil zones are found to be insignificant (significant) during the wet (dry) season. Nonparametric clustering is performed to identify the spatial clusters exhibiting homogeneous P–T relationships considering seasonal and climate variability influences.     

Bending-related faulting of the incoming oceanic plate and its effect on lithospheric hydration and seismicity: A passive and active seismological study offshore Maule,Chile

We have studied the dependency between incoming plate structure, bending-related faulting, lithospheric hydration, and outer rise seismic activity offshore Maule, Chile. We derived a 2D Poisson's ratio distribution from P- and S-wave seismic wide angle data collected in the trench-outer rise. High values of Poisson's ratio in the uppermost mantle suggest that the oceanic lithosphere is highly hydrated due to the water infiltration through bending-related normal faults outcropping at the seafloor. This process is presumably facilitated by the presence of a seamount in the area. We conclude that water infiltrates deep into the lithosphere, when it approaches the Chile trench, producing a reduction of crustal and upper mantle velocities, supporting serpentinization of the upper mantle. Further, we observed a mantle Vp anisotropy of 8%, with the fast velocity axis running normal to the abyssal hill fabric and hence in spreading direction, indicating that outer rise processes have yet not affected anisotropy.The first weeks following the megatrust Mw = 8.8 Maule earthquake in 2010 were characterized by a sudden increase of the outer rise seismic activity, located between 34° S and 35°30′ S. We concluded that this phenomenon is a result of an intensification of the water infiltration process in the outer rise, presumably triggered by the main shock, whose epicenter was located some 100 km to the south east of the cluster.     

辽东湾北部潜山走滑转换带特征及其对规模性储层的控制

潜山走滑转换带在渤海海域发育较为广泛,但其发育特征及控储作用研究薄弱。利用钻井、测井、三维地震等各类资料,对辽东湾北部地区构造转换带发育特征、成因机制及其对潜山规模型储层控制作用进行分析。研究认为,燕山末期左旋走滑背景下,辽东湾北部潜山发育多种类型转换带;根据走滑断层的相互作用以及转换带的形态,可以将辽东湾北部潜山转换带分为单支弯曲型和双支叠覆型两种类型;根据局部应力状态可以进一步细分为单支反“S”型、单支“S”型、双支左旋右阶以及双支左旋左阶转换带4个亚类,其中单支反“S”型和双支左旋右阶型转换带属增压型转换带,单支“S”型和双支左旋左阶型转换带属释压型走滑转换带。增压型走滑转换带提供的压扭性动力破碎作用使得潜山发育大规模裂缝型储集层,是潜山规模型储层发育的关键。     

湿球温度冷度日反映制冷能耗的适用性评估

基于湿球温度提出一种新的表征制冷能耗的冷度日,利用TRNSYS软件模拟得到1961—2012年逐月制冷能耗,分析了基于湿球温度的冷度日反映我国不同建筑气候区制冷能耗的适用性。结果表明,除上海外,基于干球温度的冷度日并不能很好地反映制冷能耗,仅能解释逐月制冷能耗的17%~60%;基于湿球温度的冷度日能够很好地反映各建筑气候区的制冷能耗,可以解释逐月制冷能耗的67%~98%。此外,各建筑气候区随着设定的基础湿球温度不同,计算得到的冷度日对制冷能耗的解释量不同。基础湿球温度为16.85℃的冷度日对哈尔滨和天津制冷能耗解释量最大,而不同基础湿球温度的冷度日对上海和广州制冷能耗解释量均无明显差异。以上研究结果证实,基于湿球温度的冷度日能较好地反映各建筑气候区制冷能耗,但各气候区用湿球冷度日反映制冷能耗时应设定不同的基础湿球温度。     

粤西河台金矿田糜棱岩XRD特征及其地质意义

粤西河台金矿田位于钦州湾—杭州湾（钦—杭）结合带南段的云开地区,是典型的受韧性剪切带控制的金矿。然而,对于剪切带中有利于金成矿的地质环境及其成矿过程仍然存在争议。本文在对河台矿区高村矿床进行详细野外地质调查的基础上,通过X射线衍射（XRD）对含金剪切带中各类糜棱岩系列岩石进行系统研究,建立应力变化—成分变异的对比序列,从而进一步揭示剪切变形与金矿化的关系。结果显示,剪切带中白（绢）云母的含量在9%~40%,并且在初糜棱岩、无矿糜棱岩、含矿糜棱岩、无矿超糜棱岩、含矿超糜棱岩中呈现出逐渐递增的趋势。白（绢）云母主要为2M1型,b0值在 0.55505~0.99002 nm之间,初糜棱岩＜无矿糜棱岩＜ 无矿超糜棱岩,分别指示低压、中压和高压环境。可见,从初糜棱岩到超糜棱岩,随着变形强度的增加,热液活动也随之增强,从而新生成了大量白（绢）云母。然而,在含矿的糜棱岩和超糜棱岩中还存在一些低压白云母,推测其可能是在后期脆性裂隙中由于流体活动所新形成的。因此,成矿可能经历了两个阶段,即早期的韧性剪切变形阶段导致金的初步富集,后期叠加的脆性破裂阶段形成具有工业品位的矿体。另外,无矿超糜棱岩的石英含量（29.8%）明显低于糜棱岩（44.2%）,推测在形成石英脉型矿体过程中,部分热液可能来自于其围岩超糜棱岩。因此,相对于初糜棱岩和糜棱岩,超糜棱岩中更有利于金矿的形成。     

地震成因软沉积物变形记录的地震强度研究进展

〗确定地震震级对中长期地震预报、震后应急救援和地震危险性评价具有重要意义。古地震学是研究地质记录中的地震事件,特别是它们的位置、时间和震级大小。然而,传统由地表破裂参数确定的古地震震级仍存在不确定性（大多数地震事件不会导致地表破裂,或位移小于0.3m）,尤其是由湖泊沉积记录的古地震事件。为了解决未发现明显位错地震震级问题,本文依据软沉积物变形构造的类型和形式,对确定地震震级/强度的方法（经验估算、最大液化距离、扰动层厚度、软沉积物变形类型,经验公式,快速沉积砂层厚度）进行总结和讨论,并分析其理论基础、优缺点、误差大小、适用性、存在问题等。并以中东死海盆地利桑组晚更新世湖相沉积中的震积岩(混杂层)和岷江上游萝卜寨晚第四纪湖相沉积中地震成因的液化底劈为例,利用上述6种方法推断,其代表的震级分别为M5.5~6.5和M6.0~7.0,进一步证实了前人的研究结果。这6种方法的结合,为确定地震震级/强度,特别是湖泊沉积中的地震事件提供了一种新的、相对便捷的方法。该研究可为基于地表破裂参数确定的古地震震级提供可靠的参考,为更好地认识构造活跃的地震活动性和危险性提供数据支持。     

Niger Delta gravity-driven deformation above the relict Chain and Charcot oceanic fracture zones,Gulf of Guinea: Insights from analogue models

The Niger Delta is a classic example of a passive margin delta that has gravitationally deformed above an overpressured shale decollement. The outboard Niger Delta clastic wedge, including the Akata Formation overpressured shale decollement, is differentially thickened across relict oceanic basement steps formed at the Chain and Charcot fracture zones. In this study, five analogue models were applied to investigate the effects of a differentially thickened overpressured shale decollement across relict stepped basement on Niger Delta gravity-driven deformation. Gravity-driven delta deformation was simulated by allowing a lobate, layered sandpack to deform by gravity above a ductile polymer. A first series of experiments had a featureless, horizontal basement whereas a second series had differentially thickened polymer above Niger Delta-like basement steps. Two syn-kinematic sedimentation patterns were also tested. Surface strains were analysed using digital image correlation and key models were reconstructed in 3D. All five model deltas spread radially outward and formed plan view arcuate delta top grabens and arcuate delta toe folds. The arcuate structures were segmented by dip-oriented radial grabens and delta toe oblique extensional tear faults, which were formed by along-strike extensional strains during spreading. Basement steps partitioned delta toe gravity spreading into dual, divergent directions. Similarities between the analogue model structures and the Niger Delta strongly suggest a history of outward radial gravity spreading at the Niger Delta. The Niger Delta western lobe has potentially spread downdip more rapidly due to a thicker or more highly overpressured underlying Akata Fm. shale detachment. Faster western lobe spreading may have produced the Niger Delta toe ‘dual lobe’ geometry, perturbed up dip Niger Delta top growth fault patterns, and implies that western lobe toe thrusts have been very active.     

近期乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川成冰带及雪层剖面特征研究

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的成冰带20世纪60年代初,自下而上划分为4个成冰带;1988年,由于气候变暖,冰川上部的冷渗浸重结晶带消失,被渗浸带所取代.对近期1号冰川的成冰带进行了划分,并通过大量雪坑资料,研究论述了目前1号冰川雪层剖面的层位特征.研究发现,由于气候变暖,剖面特征和成冰带谱有由“冷”向“暖”的转化趋势.同时还发现,1号冰川东支顶部发生了强烈的消融现象,该处已由渗浸带转化为具有强烈消融特征的局部消融区.     

Stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary basin induced by mantle diapiric upwelling and eustatic event

The stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary basin provides important constraints on the rheological structure of the upper mantle and the crust, eustatic events and tectonic movements. In this study, we examined the convective coupling between the uppermost mantle and ductile lower crust as a formation mechanism of sedimentary basins. In this mechanism, the lower crust is squeezed by the upper mantle flow associated with mantle diapiric upwelling, resulting in the surface subsidence and formation of sedimentary basin. We investigated the stratigraphic architecture by taking into account the horizontal migration of the upwelling in time and spatial domains. The sedimentary basin is characterized by both the thickness and formation period for its gross feature and the sequence stratigraphy. The decay of the upwelling causes the surface uplift, and some parts of sediments deposited during the surface subsidence are consequently eroded. The subsidence area moves as the activity of upwelling horizontally migrates, resulting in the formation of unconformity for the uplifted and eroded area over the previous upwelling. We also incorporated the effects of third order eustasy, with amplitude of 100 m and period of 1 Myr, into convective coupling model. An application of our model to Karatsu-Sasebo coalfield in the Tertiary of the northwest Kyushu, Japan, indicates that the stratigraphic architecture of sedimentary basin including two effects, i.e. convective coupling and eustasy, may provide important information about the viscosity structure of the lower crust and uppermost mantle and spatio-temporal growth and decay histories of the mantle diapiric upwelling.     

临空经济区发展的动力因素研究

临空经济区的发展受到内部和外部动力因素的影响,前者包括机场流量、运营效率和产业集群,后者包括区域开放度、经济总量和产业结构等。利用理论模型分析了内部因素的作用,但对国内24个临空经济区进行实证后发现,我国仍停留在以外部动力为主、内部动力为辅的阶段。其中,航空客运量和机场效率的正向促进作用非常明显,货运量的影响则不显著。临空产业仍处于集群的初始阶段,因而对临空经济区的推动力较小。