亚洲高山区冰湖溃决洪水事件回顾

冰湖溃决洪水是由冰湖快速大量释水所导致的自然灾害。在全球变暖背景下,亟待建立完整的冰湖溃决洪水数据库,以进一步对冰湖进行危险性评估和风险管理。整理了亚洲高山区（青藏高原及周边地区）的冰湖溃决洪水资料,得出冰湖溃决洪水主要分布在天山山脉、喀喇昆仑山、喜马拉雅山脉、念青唐古拉山、横断山等区域。20世纪以来,亚洲高山区共计发生冰湖溃决洪水277起,其中冰碛湖溃决洪水113起,冰坝湖溃决洪水164起。导致冰碛湖溃决的诱因以冰-雪崩或冰川滑塌为主导,占50.1%,埋藏冰融化或管涌、强降水或上游来水、滑坡-岩崩以及地震占比分别为23.1%、18.5%、7.4%和0.9%。1980年以来,冰碛湖溃决洪水的发生频率呈较弱的增长趋势;但由于发生溃决的冰湖趋于小型化,其溃决水量与洪峰流量在喜马拉雅山脉、天山山脉等地区呈显著下降趋势。2010—2018年间喜马拉雅山脉中段发生8起冰湖溃决洪水事件,远高于天山山脉、喜马拉雅山脉东段和念青唐古拉山等地区,成为新的高发区,是未来重点关注的地区。在未来冰湖溃决洪水频率可能增加的状况下,相关国家和地区在应对冰川灾害、实现区域防灾减灾等方面需要加强沟通交流,共同建立跨区域协调的防灾体系。     

不同成桩工艺条件下冻结粉土中基桩承载性状试验研究

桩基础作为冻土工程中最适宜的基础形式,主要采用插入桩、静压桩和灌注桩三种桩型,因其成桩工艺不同对冻土地基及桩基自身造成的差异不一。为研究不同成桩工艺对冻土地基及基桩承载性状的影响,通过开展室内-1.5 ℃条件下单桩静载模型试验,分析在冻结粉土中不同成桩工艺对地温场、桩基极限承载力、桩身轴力以及桩侧摩阻（冻结力）的影响规律。试验结果表明：灌注桩对桩周地温场扰动剧烈,桩侧温度较高,地温变化幅度大。随着桩周土体的回冻,地温逐步降低,其中灌注桩桩侧降温速率最大;在承载力方面,2根灌注桩的极限承载力约为12.8 kN,静压桩为11.6 kN,插入桩极限承载力最小,仅为钻孔灌注桩的2/3。并对比4种不同成桩工艺的基桩在不同荷载条件下对应的沉降量,体现出成桩工艺对基桩沉降造成的差异性;随着桩顶荷载的逐级增加,桩侧摩阻（冻结力）和桩端阻力逐渐发挥作用,桩身上部1/3由于温度较低,致使桩侧摩阻（冻结力）较大,在10 cm深度附近温度最低,使桩侧摩阻（冻结力）达到最大值;并对比4种不同成桩工艺的基桩在荷载5.6 kN下轴力沿桩身的传递情况,发现静压桩更易把荷载传递到冻土区深层地基。     

塔城地区西北部低山草甸植被指数变化及其驱动力

以新疆塔城地区西北部低山草甸植被为研究对象,利用2001—2020年归一化植被指数（NDVI）、气象数据（年均气温和降水量）及社会经济发展数据（年末牲畜存栏数、肉类总产量和农牧民人均纯收入）,运用ArcGIS 10.5软件、R语言和matlab等语言,运用相关分析法和趋势分析法,研究了不同时段低山草甸植被NDVI、气象因子和社会经济发展数据的时空变化特征,从气候变化和人类活动角度探讨了影响低山草甸植被NDVI变化的驱动力,揭示了以往采取的草地恢复措施的有效性和时效性。结果表明：2001—2008年低山草甸植被处于“绿化”状态,“绿化”现象主要分布在研究区的西南、南部和东部,但存在“褐化”趋势,NDVI的降幅在夏季最大;2009—2020年处于“褐化”状态,“褐化”现象分布在除了研究区西南部的其他区域,但存在微弱的“绿化”趋势,NDVI的增幅在夏季最大;2001—2020年生长季总体呈“暖干”趋势,但2009年以来“暖干”趋势有所减缓,低山草甸的南部经历了一个降水减少的暖化过程,而西北和东北部则表现出降水增加的冷却过程;过去20年年末牲畜存栏数和肉类总产量都呈现先急速增加后平缓增加而又急...     

大黄鱼的声刺激行为研究

为了解水下强噪声对大黄鱼的影响,结合行为学方法开展了3个年龄的大黄鱼声刺激实验．结果发现：3个年龄的大黄鱼在水中声压约10Pa时均能对声波发生条件反应,但是,它们的声波敏感频率和直接致死的声压阈值差异较大;1个月幼苗和8个月小鱼的声波敏感频率分别为800Hz和600Hz,直接致死的声压阈值约为40Pa和4kPa．13个月大鱼的声波敏感频率也在600Hz,但当声压达到4kPa时,鱼群受惊吓明显,且未能直接致死．另外,这些曾经暴露在强声波中的各年龄段的大黄鱼在随后48h里较多出现相继死亡的现象．表明这些长时间暴露在水下噪声中的大黄鱼可能会因累积效应引起行为模式改变和间接致死等慢性危害．     

机载LiDAR点云的Delaunay三角网快速生成算法

为了提高机载激光点云的Delaunay三角网生成效率及稳定性,基于分块算法的思想,改进了点云数据的分块方式,利用点云的凸包及重心点进行数据分块,并结合子块中激光点个数阈值进行三角形子块的细分,从而避免了传统子块合并过程中复杂的相邻三角形搜索及优化处理,仅需简单的一步优化即可完成相邻子块的合并,大大提高了算法的效率。经实验证明,该算法简单、高效且稳定性好,尤其对于大数据量的机载LiDAR点云Delaunay三角网生成具有明显的优势。     

A new identification method for five species of oysters in genus Crassostrea from China based on high-resolution melting analysis

The high phenotypic plasticity in the shell of oysters presents a challenge during taxonomic and phylogenetie studies of these economically important bivalves. However, because DNA can exhibit marked differences among morphologically similar species, DNA barcoding offers a potential means for oyster identification. We analyzed the complete sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） of five common Crassostrea species in China （including Hong Kong oyster C. hongkongensis, Jinjiang oyster C. ariakensis, Portuguese oyster C. angulata, Kumamoto oyster C. sikamea, and Pacific oyster C. gigas） and screened for distinct fragments. Using these distinct fragments on a high-resolution melting analysis platform, we developed an identification method that does not rely on species-specific PCR or fragment length polymorphism and is efficient, reliable, and easy to visualize. Using a single pair of primers （Oyster- COI-1）, we were able to successfully distinguish among the five oyster species. This new method provides a simple and powerful tool for the identification of oyster species.     

Quantitative assessment of remotely sensed global surface models using various land classes produced from Landsat data in Istanbul

Digital elevation model(DEM) is the most popular product for three-dimensional(3D) digital representation of bare Earth surface and can be produced by many techniques with different characteristics and ground sampling distances(GSD). Space-borne optical and synthetic aperture radar(SAR) imaging are two of the most preferred and modern techniques for DEM generation. Using them, global DEMs that cover almost entire Earth are produced with low cost and time saving processing. In this study, we aimed to assess the Satellite pour l'observation de la Terre-5(SPOT-5), High Resolution Stereoscopic(HRS), the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER), and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM) C-band global DEMs, produced with space-borne optical and SAR imaging. For the assessment, a reference DEM derived from 1∶1000 scaled digital photogrammetric maps was used. The study is performed in 100 km2 study area in Istanbul including various land classes such as open land, forest, built-up land, scrub and rough terrain obtained from Landsat data. The analyses were realized considering three vertical accuracy types as fundamental, supplemental, and consolidated, defined by national digital elevation program(NDEP) of USA. The results showed that, vertical accuracy of SRTM C-band DEM is better than optical models in all three accuracy types despite having the largest grid spacing. The result of SPOT-5 HRS DEM is very close by SRTM and superior in comparison with ASTER models.     

Optimization of fermentation conditions for 1,3-propanediol production by marine Klebsiella pneumonia HSL4 using response surface methodology

The industrially important organic compound 1,3-propanediol(1,3-PDO) is mainly used as a building block for the production of various polymers. In the present study, response surface methodology protocol was followed to determine and optimize fermentation conditions for the maximum production of 1,3-PDO using marine-derived Klebsiella pneumoniae HSL4. Four nutritional supplements together with three independent culture conditions were optimized as follows: 29.3 g/L glycerol, 8.0 g/L K 2 HPO 4, 7.6 g/L(NH 4) 2 SO 4, 3.0 g/L KH 2 PO 4, pH 7.1, cultivation at 35°C for 12 h. Under the optimal conditions, a maximum 1,3-PDO concentration of 14.5 g/L, a productivity of 1.21 g/(L·h) and a conversion of glycerol of 0.49 g/g were obtained. In comparison with the control conditions, fermentation under the optimized conditions achieved an increase of 38.8% in 1,3-PDO concentration, 39.0% in productivity and 25.7% in glycerol conversion in flask. This enhancement trend was further confirmed when the fermentation was conducted in a 5-L fermentor. The optimized fermentation conditions could be an important basis for developing lowcost, large-scale methods for industrial production of 1,3-PDO in the future.     

Creative industries agglomeration,regional innovation and productivity growth in China

This paper falls into the broad area of economic geography and economics of creativity,and it presents an alternative approach to explain why total factor productivity(TFP)growth is different across China′s regions.It establishes an empirical model to estimate the spatial agglomeration effects of creative industries on regional TFP growth,using China′s provincial panel data during the period of 2003 to 2010.We found that the creative industries agglomeration(CIA)has significant and positive impact on regional TFP growth.The result also implies that the CIA can facilitate regional TFP growth through promoting regional innovation instead of improving regional efficiency.Therefore,we argue that policy makers should take some measures to retain and establish more creative zones.