Early succession of micro‐periphyton communities in kelp bed and barren ground ecological systems

In shallow sublittoral rocky habitats of the Southeast Pacific, two conspicuous ecological systems exist; kelp beds dominated by large Laminariales algae, and barren grounds dominated by crustose coralline algae and sea urchins. The aim of this study was to examine the successional development of micro‐periphyton communities in both ecological systems using a colonization experiment conducted in Northern Chile. In both ecological systems, we installed replicated ceramic plates at 10 m depth and samples were taken after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 14 days of exposure. Bacteria, diatoms, protozoans and small eukaryotes were identified, quantified and analysed. The succession of micro‐periphyton communities in both ecological systems followed a common pattern consisting of a net accumulation of functional groups and taxa over time; however, the total density of all groups was significantly higher in the kelp beds. In addition, the community structure of the developing micro‐periphytons was different and specific for each ecological system. Although previous studies have suggested that kelp beds and barren grounds are capable of switching from one state to the other without substantial changes in biodiversity, our results show that each of these ecological systems promotes its own successional development, suggesting that they are unique, self‐organized entities. This study is the first step towards an understanding of these ecological systems operating independently at this scale of organization.     

Phylogenetic analysis and biological characteristic tests of marine bacteria isolated from Southern Ocean (Indian sector) water

Fifty-seven bacteria were isolated from Southern Ocean(Indian sector) water samples which were collected from different latitude and longitude of the ocean. All the isolates were able to grow at 4°C, 20°C, 37°C and tolerable Na Cl concentration up to 13.5%(w/v). 29 out of 57 isolates were identified using 16 S rDNA amplification and the sequences were submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI). All the isolates were classified by using Ribosomal Database Project(RDP) and found that isolates belongs to Proteobacteria and Bacteriodes. The average G+C content was 56.4%. The isolates were screened for the presence of extracellular enzymes, viz. amylase, catalase, urease, esterase, lipase and protease. The disc diffusion method is used to screen antibiotic production by the isolates against four pathogenic bacteria, viz. Salmonella typhimurium(NCIM 2501),Staphylococcus aureus(NCIM 2122), Bacillus subtilis(NCIM 2193), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(NCIM 2036).Nine out of 29 were found to be antibiotic producer.     

“四深”微生物的地质作用——从气候环境变化到生态灾难

“四深”微生物是指深海、深地、深空和深时环境的微生物,特别是细菌、古菌、真菌、病毒等。人们对“四深”微生物的了解非常有限,是亟待突破的地球生物学前沿领域。“四深”微生物的研究对理解地球生命起源、界定生物圈的边界条件、促进地球科学与生命科学以及行星科学之间的交叉融合具有不可替代性的贡献。随着我国深海、深空、深地等重大工程计划的推进,一系列与“四深”微生物有关的前沿科学问题不断提出,包括地质微生物与气候环境的相互作用、地质微生物的生物安全与生态安全、地质微生物参与的隐匿地质过程等。特别是,“四深”环境活性氧自由基对微生物的影响、地质病毒对生物演化和地质过程的影响等前沿领域都亟待突破。活性氧自由基能对生物分子、细胞、组织和器官,乃至整个生物圈的演化以及微生物地质作用都产生重要影响。病毒引发了现代和近代诸多全球性疫情爆发,地质病毒则可能对生物的背景灭绝和大灭绝以及一些地质过程产生影响。     

Desulfovibrio sp.厌氧代谢淮南煤中>C12有机组分的实验研究

从淮南潘北煤矿采取530m深石炭系太原组石灰岩钻孔出水水样和二叠系山西组煤样,开展煤的有机成分与煤系地层地下水的SRB代谢关系实验。从水样中分离纯化出一菌株S890,经基因测序鉴定为脱硫弧菌Desulfovibrio sp.。煤样的甲醇萃取物经气质联用GC-MS仪检测,匹配出21种主要有机化合物,均为C11以上的高级链烃、环烃、芳香烃及其衍生物。选择其中3种有机化合物2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol、2-hexyl-1-Decanol和Naphthalene,2,6-dimethyl-做27d的SRB细菌厌氧培养与底物SO2-4含量与H2S、FeS产生量对比观测试验,发现SRB细菌可有效利用前2种碳源,而Naphthalene,2,6-dimethyl-未被利用。实验结果证实煤系地下水中的SRB生长可以有效地厌氧降解煤中一些较大分子有机化合物。     

白云石(岩)有机成因研究现状及进展

白云岩是地质历史中常见的一种碳酸盐岩,但在现代近地表环境下却很难见其踪迹,因此其成因问题成为研究热点。近年来的研究表明,白云石的形成与有机物密不可分。本文在调研大量文献的基础上,从形成白云石动力学障碍这一微观机制出发,探究了其成因。结果表明,微生物的新陈代谢所起的调节作用是白云石形成过程中的关键因素。另外,有机大分子如多糖、羧甲基纤维素、羧基等也能以与硫酸盐还原菌类似的方式促进白云石的形成,这为研究白云石的成因机制提供了新的思路。     

应用PCR-DGGE指纹技术分析高温季节仿刺参养殖水环境中菌群多样性

采用16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE基因指纹技术,于6~9月间,对辽宁普兰店湾2个相邻的刺参养殖池塘进行了养殖水环境中菌群多样性的分析,首先用2216E固体培养基对仿刺参养殖水环境中的细菌总数进行统计,再采用PCR-DGGE指纹技术分析菌群多样性。结果表明,池塘水环境中较高水平的细菌数,且9月为6月的3倍;高温季节刺参养殖水环境中细菌种群较为丰富,其中大多数属于变形菌门;6~9月份样品具有一致的优势菌群,分别为Pseudomonas sp.,Uncul-tureddelta bacterium,Ostreococcus sp.以及Unculturedalpha proteobacterium。同时发现,同一时间采集的样品,有一定的菌群相似性,并在聚类分析图中分别成簇,检测样品的细菌多样性指数在1.7至2.5之间。     

光合细菌对养殖水质及凡纳滨对虾抗病力的影响

在凡纳滨对虾养殖环境中人工引入不同浓度的光合细菌,监测氨氮、亚硝酸氮、化学需氧量的变化,15d后测定凡纳滨对虾的AKP、POD、PO、SOD、抗菌、溶菌活力,以及不同光合细菌浓度下凡纳滨对虾的成活率与体重增长率,研究光合细菌对水质和凡纳滨对虾抗病力的影响。结果表明,引入光合细菌可显著降低水体化学需氧量、氨氮含量,并抑制亚硝酸盐氮的产生,提高凡纳滨对虾的抗病力。当光合细菌投放浓度为3×103/mL时,水体中化学需氧量、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量的均值分别比对照组降低31.59%、43.42%、52.20%,差异显著(P<0.05);对虾的AKP、POD、PO、SOD、抗菌、溶菌活力分别比照组提高31.92%、72.29%、55.56%、31.61%、39.07%、69.51%,差异显著(P<0.05);成活率,体重增长率分别比对照组提高18.67%、34.03%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

珠江口外近海沉积有机质化学及稳定同位素组成的早期成岩改变

理解早期成岩过程中有机质的化学和同位素分馏对于研究海洋和湖泊环境中的生物地球化学过程是很重要的。将珠江口外近海生物成因有机质分为可水解氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂类和酸不溶四个部分,分析了有机质的化学和同位素组成(δ13C,δ15N),借以讨论沉积有机质在埋藏的早期成岩过程中所发生的化学和同位素改变,结果表明,从浮游生物→悬浮颗粒物→表层沉积物→沉积柱内部,易降解组分可水解氨基酸、碳水化合物、脂类占样品总有机碳的份额依次降低。沉积物及四个有机部分的稳定碳同位素组成在纵向上随深度保持相对恒定,而在不同有机部分之间差异明显。不同类型有机物的分解速率差异在改变有机质化学成分的同时,导致其δ13C发生小幅度负向漂移;细菌有机质的形成和分解对有机质化学成分和同位素组成演化也有重要贡献,并且在一定程度上抵消了上述δ13C的负向漂移,其结果导致沉积有机质的δ13C略低于浮游生物;另一方面,由于异养菌生长过程中的氮同位素分馏系数与可利用氮源的特征和培养基的性质等多种因素有关,导致沉积物的δ15N变化范围增大。在这里δ13C可以可靠地指示该海域沉积有机质的来源,而δ15N变化范围较大且规律不明显,难以用作沉积有机质来源的指示。     

Degradation of phytoplankton-derived organic matter: Implications for carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in coastal ecosystems

Experiments were conducted using seawater from the Oregon continental shelf to determine: (1) rates of phytoplankton-derived particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) degradation by natural microbial communities, and (2) whether inorganic nutrients or flagellate grazing limit the bacterial response to, and subsequent degradation of, the DOM. In the initial seawater samples, nutrients were depleted and organic matter concentrations were elevated above concentrations found in upwelled water, indicative of recent bloom conditions. In whole water treatments incubated for 3 d, an average of 24% of the total organic C and 33% of the POC was degraded, with some portion of the POC being converted to DOC. In treatments incubated after POM was removed by filtration, DOC degradation was initially rapid and then proceeded at a slower rate. After 3 d, an average of 41% of the DOC was degraded. Selective degradation of the C-component of both the POM and DOM relative to the N-component was observed. Reductions in flagellate grazing resulted in increases in bacterial abundance and enhanced DOC degradation, while inorganic nutrient amendments had little effect. Overall, these results suggest that a fraction of the phytoplankton-derived POM and DOM can be rapidly degraded, contributing to oxygen consumption on the continental shelf. The long degradation time of a less labile DOC fraction relative to potential offshelf transport mechanisms suggests that Oregon's coastal waters may be a source of DOC to adjacent offshore waters of the North Pacific.     

杂色鲍鲍苗“掉板症”病因的探讨

针对目前杂色鲍育苗过程中出现的大规模死亡进行了流行病学调查,结果显示,在整个育苗周期内,病害均可发生,死亡率达100%,监测了水质理化因子、原生动物、寄生虫及病原微生物,水质理化因子、原生动物等与鲍苗死亡有一定关系,但不是主要原因;在鲍苗体内分离到的细菌及感染试验结果验证细菌是引起杂色鲍幼苗死亡的主要原因.