山东半岛东北岸近海表层沉积物中木质素的分布特征及有机物来源

山东半岛东北岸近海是黄河入海泥沙向外输送的主要通道和重要沉淀区,探讨该海域沉积物中木质素的分布特征和有机物来源,对理解其中记录的环境演变信息具有重要意义.本文通过分析该海域表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、碳稳定同位素(δ13C),并结合木质素及其特征参数,研究了其中有机物的来源,以及木质素的分布、植被来源和降解程度.结果表明,海源有机物是山东半岛东北岸近海表层沉积物中有机物的主要来源,有机物的分布特征受河流输入和海洋环流的共同影响.被子植物草本和木本组织是木质素的主要植被来源,酸醛比值表明表层沉积物中木质素都经历了较高程度的降解.     

Mussel Periostracum from Deep-Sea Redox Communities as a Microbial Habitat: 2. The Pit Borers

Abstract. Mussel periostracum from the Florida Escarpment redox community (3266 m depth) is extensively bored by a variety of microorganisms. Four different types of pit borings were observed and characterized on the basis of SEM images of their resin casts, and/or light and TEM reconstructions: two large, open-pit borers, a "button" borer, and a cone borer. These boring patterns represent distinctive feeding "strategies". The cumulative activities of periostracum borers remove the protective organic layer from the mussel shells, exposing the mineral to cndolith attack.     

Evidence of a phase shift to Epizoanthus gabrieli Carlgreen, 1951 (Order Zoanthidea) and loss of coral cover on reefs in the Southwest Atlantic

There is at present a ‘coral reef crisis’; one of the more drastic consequences of this is a phase shift, in which reef‐building corals are replaced by non‐reef building benthos such as macroalgae and soft corals. Previous studies have principally focused on the shift to macroalgae. Our goal was to investigate whether the dominance of the zoanthid Epizoanthus gabrieli on some reefs of Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil, represented a non‐algal phase shift. In 2003, we identified a high cover of this species on two reefs (52% and 70%), but only in 2007 was it possible to confirm a reduction in coral cover. This dominance has persisted for over 9 years, characterizing a true phase shift. This loss of coral cover may be a result of anthropogenic disturbances within the bay; however, given the large number of human impacts, further studies are needed to identify specific causes of this shift. Although there are some reports of phase shift involving species pertaining to the Class Anthozoa, this is the first report of this phenomenon involving the order Zoanthidea.     

High inorganic phosphate concentration in coral mucus and its utilization by heterotrophic bacteria in a Malaysian coral reef

Inorganic nutrient contents of mucus released by Acropora corals and its utilization by heterotrophic bacteria at several different hour intervals in the coral mucus were investigated at a coral reef in Malaysia. The dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentration was 135‐fold higher than in the ambient seawater, probably due to inorganic P release from the coral gut cavity. We experimentally confirmed that heterotrophic bacteria rapidly (within 8 h) consumed ca. 80% of the initial concentration of DIP derived from coral mucus. High DIP concentration in coral mucus may enhance heterotrophic bacterial production and associated carbon flow in the microbial loop of reef ecosystems.     

Losing ground: The marginalization of the St. Lawrence eel Fisheries in Québec,Canada

The world׳s eel fisheries are in a state of crisis. While an increasing number of studies have documented the biophysical dynamics of the decrease in eel populations in Canada and around the world, studies documenting fishing practices, fisheries management, and the impact of eel declines on the livelihoods of fishermen are still rare. This paper aims to contribute to this discussion by examining the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) fishery in the St. Lawrence River Estuary, positioning it within larger historical, economic, and socio-environmental contexts. More particularly, it explores the issues these fishermen face as a consequence of the declining eel population, changing management practices, global trends in eel commercialization, and initiatives taken to promote eel fishing and the landscape that surrounds it as an important component of natural and cultural heritage. It is argued that these changes, many of which have been amplified by neoliberal policy shifts, have contributed to the marginalization of eel fishers and are making their future increasingly uncertain.     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)不同组织中蛋白酶的分布及冷藏过程中酶活力与鲜度变化

以长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)为研究对象,采用酶活力测定和Western blotting鉴定牡蛎不同组织中氨肽酶、胰蛋白酶型丝氨酸蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶等几种主要蛋白酶的分布,探讨牡蛎肉在4°C冷藏过程中酶活力和鲜度指标的变化规律。结果显示:在牡蛎的外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌和性腺-内脏团四种组织中,亮氨酸氨肽酶、丙氨酸氨肽酶、精氨酸氨肽酶均有较高酶活力;胰蛋白酶型丝氨酸蛋白酶主要分布于性腺-内脏团,在另外三种组织中活性较低;组织蛋白酶B和B+L绝大部分在性腺-内脏团中表达。在4°C冷藏过程中,酶活力发生明显变化,经7d冷藏后,性腺-内脏团中亮氨酸氨肽酶的酶活力为初始值的25.15%,丙氨酸氨肽酶的酶活力为初始值的31.65%,精氨酸氨肽酶的酶活力为初始值的23.19%;组织蛋白酶B和B+L的酶活力分别是初始值的2.59和4.23倍;胰蛋白酶型丝氨酸蛋白酶酶活力上升44%。随着冷藏时间的延长,牡蛎的鲜度指标发生变化:牡蛎pH值呈现先降低,9d后上升的趋势;氨基酸态氮含量由初始的(0.26±0.05)g/100g增加至第7d的(0.31±0.03)g/100g;挥发性盐基氮含量从(5.60±0.64)mg/100g上升至第7d的(17.50±0.37)mg/100g;SDS-PAGE分析显示,牡蛎冷藏过程中四种组织的蛋白质均发生了不同程度的降解。本研究揭示了牡蛎在短期冷藏过程中几种主要蛋白酶和鲜度指标的变化规律,为牡蛎的冷藏保鲜提供了参考。     

黏性土中静压桩沉桩过程现场试验及桩土界面桩侧土压力分析

为了揭示黏性土中静压桩贯入过程中桩土界面桩侧土压力的受力特性,依托山东东营某桩工程开展了现场足尺试验,得到了静压桩沉桩过程中桩土界面桩侧土压力随贯入深度的变化规律,分析了贯入过程中不同土层桩侧土压力的分布特性,明确了桩侧土压力在沉桩过程中存在明显的退化效应,探讨了桩土界面桩侧土压力与桩侧上覆土体竖向土压力的比值关系。结果表明：桩土界面桩侧土压力与土层性质密切相关;随着传感器贯入深度的逐渐增加,桩侧土压力逐渐增大,并且增大幅度随土层的不同而不同;在同一贯入深度处,桩土界面桩侧土压力存在明显的退化现象,粉土中的退化幅度明显小于粉质黏土中的退化幅度;同一土层中桩土界面桩侧土压力与桩侧上覆土体竖向土压力的比值为常数,并且粉土中的比值明显大于粉质黏土中的比值。     

海洋硫酸多糖916氧化降解条件的正交实验法优化

以分子量为考查指标,采用正交实验法研究了海洋硫酸多糖916的氧化降解最佳条件。考察了H2O2浓度、原料用量和反应时间对降解后分子量的影响。结果表明,最佳降解条件为体系中H2O2浓度为3%,原料用量为2%,反应时间为3h。该法简单易行,操作简便,所用试剂廉价易得,是一种简单有效的降解方法。     

四种~(14)C标记农药在某些海洋动物中的积累和降解

对14C－六六六、14C-毒死蝉、14C-敌百虫和14C-久效磷在几种海洋动物中的积累和降解进行了比较研究。结果表明,4种农药在实验动物中被积累的能力由大至小顺序为：14C－六六六和14C－毒死蝉,14C－敌百虫,14C－久效磷。而实验动物对农药的积累能力由大至小顺序为：小弹涂鱼Periophthalmuscantonensis,实验贝类,褶痕相手蟹Sesarma（Parasearma）plicata。不同动物对毒死蜱的降解能力各不相同：弹涂鱼的降解能力最强,其主要降解产物为三氯代吡啶酚（TCP）;毛蚶Scapharcasuberenata次之,主要降解产物为极性未知物;褶牡蛎AlectryonellaPlicatula和翡翠贻贝Pernaviridis的降解率也在30％以上,降解产物为TCP和极性未知物;波纹巴非蛤Pophia（Paphia）undulata和文蛤Meretrixmereitrix的降解能力较差。对14C－六六六和14C－毒死蜱在生物中的结合态比例有很大的差异。     

中国锡林郭勒草原沙漠化的沙源及其地质学成因

从沉积学的角度分析了锡林郭勒草原沙漠化的地质背景和沙源。锡林郭勒草原直接覆盖在早白垩世二连盆地之上。该盆地各凹陷演化的生命周期完整,同沉积期构造演化结束于基底沉降减缓阶段末,而沉积充填演化结束于湖泊萎缩-平原化阶段,随后一直处于缓慢隆升状态。这样的盆地演化史,导致充填序列上部广泛发育了湖退体系域——厚度巨大且固结程度极低的河流-三角洲砂体。人为因素和气象因素破坏了草原植被,使这些规模巨大的砂体露出地表,造成草原沙漠化基础。显然,地质环境的脆弱性是生态环境脆弱性的决定因素。因此从某种意义上说,锡林郭勒草原沙漠化也是一种地质灾害。如果不进行有效的治理,将会出现大规模沙漠化。这种类型的沙漠化在中国华北、西北和东北乃至世界各地具有普遍性。