CO2浓度升高对三江平原湿地活性有机碳及土壤微生物的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室,设置正常大气CO2浓度(Ambient CO2,350 umol·mol-1)和高CO2浓度(Elevated CO2,700μmol·mol-1)2个水平和不施氮(NN,0 gN·m-2)、常氮(MN,5 gN·m-2)、高氮(HN,15 gN·m-2)3个氮素水平,研究CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对三江平原草甸小叶章湿地(Calamagrostis angustifolia)土壤活性有机碳及微生物的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高条件下,土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈增加趋势,易氧化有机碳(LOC)和水溶性碳水化合物碳(CHC)的变化因生长期和氮素水平而异。CO2浓度升高,小叶章湿地土壤微生物数量在不同的生长时期呈现不同的响应趋势。细菌数量在腊熟期增幅最大,为31.4%;真菌数量在腊熟期增加16.6%,成熟期增加24.3%;放线菌数量没有发生明显变化。相关分析表明,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量都与土壤微生物量碳呈显著相关。湿地土壤中的活性有机碳可以为土壤微生物提供更多的有效能量,从而加快湿地生态系统养分循环过程。     

Fluid-driven Hydrovolcanic Activity along Fracture Zones and near Seamounts: Evidence from Deep-sea Fe-rich Spherules,Central Indian Ocean Basin

An insight on occurrence of Fe-rich spherules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) provides an understanding of their distribution at a water depth of >5,000 m. In the present study, Fe-rich spherules are identified to occur in two different sediment types (i.e., siliceous and pelagic) and tectonic settings (i.e. near seamounts and fracture zones). These are single spheres or aggregates, of different sizes (63 to 390 μm) and show textural variability (smooth/quenched, brickwork, corkscrew, interlocking and dendritic). A comparative study based on physical morphology and chemical composition suggests a common mechanism of formation. The association of spherules with fracture zones (FZ) and seamounts signifies that morpho-tectonic features play an important role in fluid-driven hydrovolcanism. Based on the evidence and geologic conditions existing in the basin, we conclude that molten fuel-coolant interaction (MFCI) coupled with submarine hydrothermal exhalations could be an ideal mechanism for the formation of spherules and Fe-particles. The accretion of the spherules on the surface sediments could be a result of recent volcanic phenomena, while those occurring at different depths (280–355, and 460–475 cm-bsf) within the sediment core indicate two different episodes. The study provides a global implication in understanding fluid-driven magmatism in a deep-sea intraplate environment.     

云南景洪上泥盆统南光组沉积环境新议

云南景洪东南地区出露一套泥盆系,前人将其以粗粒碎屑岩为特征的部分命名为怕当组,根据腕足类化石鉴定其地质时代为中泥盆世;以碎屑岩、凝灰岩为特征的部分被命名为南光组,根据植物化石斜方薄皮木（Lepotophloeum rhombicum）划归晚泥盆世。对其沉积环境尚存在陆相和海陆交互相、浅海陆架相、半深海-深海相沉积环境的不同认识。本研究发现,粗粒碎屑岩层序中也发现有晚泥盆世标准植物化石斜方薄皮木（Lepotophloeum rhombicum）,并且粗粒碎屑岩层序位于剖面上部,南光组位于剖面下部,说明两者的地质时代均为晚泥盆世。故建议废除怕当组,将两者合并为上泥盆统南光组。南光组具有典型的鲍马序列特征,含有放射虫等海洋环境生物化石,属于深海浊流沉积层序。     

天然气水合物钻探取样技术现状与研究

通过资料调研与研究,综合分析了国外深海天然气水合物钻探取样工具的结构原理、技术参数、作业过程、主要特点以及对设备的要求等。同时简要介绍了我国“十一五”期间取样装置的研制进展情况。     

北大西洋IODP U1313站位早更新世深海沉积物陆源组分粒度特征及其环境意义*

北大西洋地区是全球环境变化研究的热点区域。对IODP（国际综合大洋钻探计划）北大西洋306航次U1313站位深海沉积物陆源组分的粒度分析发现,陆源组分主要由黏土(粒径小于4μm)和极细粉沙(4～8μm)两个粒级构成,以黏土为主,分选性较差。通过与钙质超微化石、有孔虫等生物化石资料和同位素测年等技术相结合,重建了古气候的变化情况：(1)2.415～1.897 Ma BP,气候呈周期性波动;(2)1.897～1.640 Ma BP,气候变化相对平缓;(3)1.640～1.471 Ma BP,气候波动剧烈且频繁。粒度指标所反映的几次粗颗粒增多事件与早更新世期间数次气候变冷事件的发生时间一致。1.6 Ma BP前后粒度参数的突然变化,可能与地球轨道参数的改变有关,进一步证实地球轨道参数作为气候系统外部驱动力的重要性。     

Variations of Microbial Communities and the Contents and Isotopic Compositions of Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in Soil Samples during Their Preservation

Semi-sealed preservation of soil samples at different moisture of 4% and 23%, respectively, was simulated to observe the variations of soil microbial communities and determine the contents and isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen on the 7th and 30th day, respectively. The results show that during preservation, the quantity of microbial communities tended to increase first and then decrease, with a wider variation range at higher moisture (23%). At the moisture content of 23%, the microbial communities became more active on the 7th day, but less after 30 days, and their activity was stable with little fluctuation at the moisture content of 4%. However, there were no significant changes in the contents and isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen. During preservation, the responses of soil microbes to the environment are more sensitive to changes in the total nitrogen and organic carbon contents. It is thus suggested that the variations of microbial communities have not exerted remarkable impacts on the isotope compositions of the total nitrogen and total organic carbon.     

西太平洋深海科学观测网的建设和运行

西太平洋科学观测网是由中国科学院海洋研究所自主建成的大洋观测网络。深海数据的连续获取和实时传输对海洋与气候预报和海洋环境安全保障意义重大,世界海洋大国纷纷致力于其关键技术和系统集成的攻关。在中科院战略性先导科技专项的资助下,中科院海洋所经过统筹安排和周密部署,3年多来先后组织西太平洋综合考察航次3次,成功布放和回收深海潜标73套次,建成了由16套深海潜标组成的我国西太平洋科学观测网并实现稳定运行,获取西太平洋代表性海域连续3年的温度、盐度和洋流等数据。在2016年航次中,中国科学院又攻克了潜标数据长周期稳定实时传输的海洋观测难题,实现了深海数据的"现场直播",截至2017年9月,深海数据已成功连续实时回传260余天。以此为标志,我国的大洋科学观测网建设实现了批量化、标准化和常态化。深海观测数据的长时间连续积累和实时化传输,将提升我国深海科学研究能力,加速我国海洋与气候预报业务系统建设步伐,满足海洋强国建设、"一带一路"倡议对海洋环境安全保障的重大需求。"十三五"时期,我国正全面推进深海进入、深海探测和深海开发的深海战略,深海科学观测网建设技术和潜标数据实时传输技术对我国深海探测能力的提升意义重大。     

一株海洋细菌YCSC6的鉴定及其体外杀盾纤毛虫的能力

为开发安全、高效的防治大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)盾纤毛虫(scuticociliate)病新型药物,本研究从近海微生物菌种资源库中筛选获得了一株有杀盾纤毛虫效果的细菌,利用形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定该菌为肋生盐弧菌(Salinivibrio costicola),通过共培养实验进行YCSC6杀灭大菱鲆病原性盾纤毛虫的药效活性实验,同时利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察记录YCSC6的杀虫特征。结果发现海洋细菌YCSC6发酵上清液可导致盾纤毛虫膜出现穿孔,膜完整性丧失从而裂解,在一定时间内,发酵液发酵时间越长,裂解能力越强。本研究从安全、高效的角度出发,筛得一株可裂解盾纤毛虫的海洋细菌YCSC6,并初步探究了其杀虫特征及能力,为养殖渔业微生物杀虫剂的开发提供了安全有效的来源。     

压力及温度对海洋动物生理影响的研究进展

随着海洋深度的增加,压力逐渐升高而温度逐渐降低。因此,应对压力和温度变化的能力直接影响着海洋动物的垂直分布模式。本文综述了近年来国际上关于压力及温度对海洋动物生理影响的研究进展,概述了3种常用的研究方法,包括直接比较不同深度近缘海洋动物的差异、使用加压装置培养海洋动物、在常压及原位温度下培养深海动物;然后归纳了压力及温度对海洋动物生理的影响,包括有机渗透调节物质浓度及蛋白质序列、胚胎及幼体发育速率和畸变率、行为模式及代谢速率、基因表达水平;最后讨论了海洋动物适应高压环境的生理机制,压力对海洋动物垂直分布的限制能力,以及浅海动物和深海动物的起源关系。     

Microbially induced formation of ooid-like coated grains in the Late Cretaceous methane-seep deposits of the Nakagawa area, Hokkaido, northern Japan

Abstract   Ooid-like coated grains are found in the Late Cretaceous methane-seep deposits in the Nakagawa area, Hokkaido, Japan. The coated grains were examined using macro- and microscopic observations, electron-probe microanalysis, and biomarker analysis. They are round- to oval-shaped, with nuclei consisting of fractured sediment and micritic envelopes. The fractures probably occurred as a result of increasing hydrostatic pressure when the sediment was still unconsolidated or weakly consolidated. Biomarker analysis revealed that two types of molecules, crocetane and PMI, are predominant in the hydrocarbon fraction with highly negative carbon isotopic composition as low as −122‰ ( vs Vienna Peedee Belemnite). These data suggest that the coated grains were formed under the influence of anaerobic oxidation of methane, near the sediment/seawater interface. The presence of such grains indicates that methane-containing pore water reached the sea floor at that time.