桐木沟锌矿床矿体底板的方解钠长石岩

桐木沟锌矿床产于秦岭泥盆系多金属成矿带中,在其层状矿体的底板整合地发育一种主要由钠长石和方解石组成的岩石——方解钠长石岩。本文通过对方解钠长石岩的地质特征和地球化学特征的研究,认为其属热水沉积成因,是热水沉积成矿作用的早期产物。     

小秦岭金矿成因的新识

目前，对小秦岭金矿的成因有三种观点：岩浆热液、变质热液和大气降水热液，这三种观点均有许多难以解释的地质现象。这些矛盾的出现表明，可能有另种矿床成因的存在。笔者在此提出了由上地幔或下地壳物质向深断裂带排气液作用形成的＂深源热液＂新观点。该观点能很好地解决上述观点难以解决的地质问题。     

试论脉状热液矿床含矿断裂带形成的一种机理

本文分析了许多中－深成脉状热液矿床成矿温度和压力，研究了圈闭断裂形成的力学机制，指出在中－深成的脉状热液矿床中，凡是含矿的断裂在成矿时都是圈闭的；岩石破裂的形成和生长是从上面开始或是自下而上发展，取决于岩石在垂直方向上的力学性质，即岩石弹性模量（Ｅ）和岩石抗压强度（Ｒｃ）的相对变化；圈闭断裂形成必要条件是浅部地层岩石与深部地层岩石的弹性模量之比小于其两者岩石抗压强度的比值（即Ｅ１：Ｅ２＜ Ｒｃ１：Ｒｃ２）。     

Pollen analyses off Senegal: Evolution of the coastal palaeoenvironment during the last deglaciation

Pollen and dinoflagellate cysts from marine sediments in core A180-48 (15°19′N, 18°06′W; 2450 m water depth; 530 cm length) are used to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions of nearshore tropical west Africa during the last deglaciation. High concentrations and influxes of pollen and dinoflagellate cysts between 11 000 and 10 000 yr BP are interpreted as reflecting an increase in continental trade-wind circulation and related coastal upwelling at 15°N latitude. The sea-surface temperature difference between glacial and interglacial times was not as strong as previously suggested. Together with local (fresh) ground-water input, this smaller temperature difference may explain the persistence of the Rhizophora mangrove and Guinean gallery forests near the shore until their massive extension during the early Holocene humid maximum around 9500 yr BP. Pollen data from the core are compared with data from Rosilda N110-Z, from the continental shelf at the same latitude.     

辽宁八家子铅锌矿田构造特征及其控矿作用

八家子铅锌矿田位于华北地台之燕山台褶带内之辽西台陷南部边缘,靠近山海关隆起。地层为燕山型中、上元古界、侏罗系,中生代花岗岩为印支—早燕山期碱厂“S”型同运动似斑状花岗岩超单元、燕山中晚期圣宗庙“Ⅰ”型花岗岩两个序列。构造应变图形复杂可分为印支期褶皱推覆构造系统,燕山中期出现的裂谷盆地和正断层系组成的伸展构造系统,燕山晚期形成的逆冲推覆构造系统,燕山末期出现的走滑构造系统。逆冲推覆构造系统沿八家子盆地东缘和北西缘分布,控制铅锌矿床的就位与分布,为成矿期构造。八家子铅辞矿床为矽卡岩型热液矿床,与圣宗庙“Ⅰ”型花岗岩超单元有成因联系,特别是与晚期岩浆热液活动密切相关,受逆冲推覆构造的控制。     

碳酸盐成岩作用的研究前沿和值得思考的问题

碳酸盐成岩作用在碳酸盐沉积学,尤其是在碳酸盐储层沉积学中具有十分重要的意义,近年在以下领域取得重要进展：（1）白云岩烃类储层的几何学和岩石成因学,尤其涉及到对已有白云化模式的评论和重新认识等。（2）碳酸盐储层热液改造的构造控制机理,涉及热液白云岩的成因及其对烃类储层的影响,尤其是深部热流体对碳酸盐成岩作用的影响。（3）对一些经典成岩理论的更新和对传统成岩理论的挑战,尤其是对混合水成岩作用带和对海水环境下的埋藏成岩作用的重新认识等。（4）锶同位素组成在海相碳酸盐研究中的广泛应用,涉及对地质事件的跟踪研究、海相地层的等时对比、定年和成岩过程中水一岩相互作用的研究等。然而,碳酸盐成岩作用研究中也存在一些问题值得我们思考：（1）深埋条件下碳酸盐最为重要的溶解介质可能是作为硫酸盐还原作用产物的H2S和CO2,但并非是温度越高,碳酸盐越溶解,相对较低的温度条件反而有利于溶解,这就是所谓的倒退溶解模式。（2）碳酸盐溶解需要有温度的降低（即必须要有足够的负△T）,这可通过两种途径实现：其一是沿断层向上运移的流体,显示断层等构造作用在碳酸盐成岩研究中的重要性;二是构造抬升,显示与构造有关的埋藏历史在碳酸盐成岩研究中的重要性。（3）控制白云石锶含量最为重要的因素是其晶体化学习性,锶在白云石中的较低的分配系数导致了白云岩普遍较低的锶含量,因此,我们不能仅利用白云岩的锶含量来判断白云化流体的性质,白云岩较低的锶含量也不能说明相应的白云化流体与海水无关。（4）与硫酸盐还原作用有关的SO4^2-的带出会诱发白云化作用或白云石的沉淀,而与硫酸盐溶解有关的SO4^2-的引入则会加速白云石的溶解。     

大洋钻探对海底热液活动研究的贡献

大洋钻探为海底热液活动研究提供了大量数据资料和样品。在此基础上,通过研究流体-沉积物／岩石相互作用,热、物质通量和流体流动,分析构造对海底热液活动的控制作用,使人们对海底热液循环有所了解,并对深部热液成因石油的特征,海底热液沉积物的空间结构和物质组成,以及深部生物与海底热液活动的关系有了一些认识。未来通过实施IODP,海底热液活动研究将会取得更多新的成果。     

Aragonite stromatolitic buildups from Santorini (Aegean Sea,Greece): Geochemical and palaeontological constraints of the caldera palaeoenvironment prior to the Minoan eruption (ca 3600 yr bp)

The pyroclastic deposits of the Minoan eruption (ca 3600 yr bp ) in Santorini contain abundant xenoliths. Most of these deposits are calcareous blocks of laminated‐botryoidal, stromatolite‐like buildups that formed in the shallow waters of the flooded pre‐Minoan caldera; they consist of (i) light laminae, of fibrous aragonite arranged perpendicular to layering, and (ii) dark laminae, with calcified filaments of probable biological origin. These microstructures are absent in the light laminae, suggesting a predominant inorganic precipitation of aragonite on substrates probably colonized by microbes. Internal cavities contain loose skeletal grains (molluscs, ostracods, foraminifera and diatoms) that comprise taxa typical of shallow marine and/or lagoon environments. Most of these forms are typical of warm water environments, although no typical taxa from hydrothermal vents have been observed. Past gasohydrothermal venting is recorded by the occurrence of barite, pyrolusite and pyrite traces. The most striking features of the stable isotopic data set are: (i) an overall wide range in δ¹³C_PDB (0·16 to 12·97‰) with a narrower variation for δ¹⁸O_PDB (?0·23 to 4·33‰); and (ii) a relatively uniform isotopic composition for the fibrous aragonite (δ¹³C = 12·40 ± 0·43‰ and δ¹⁸O = 2·42 ± 0·77‰, n = 21). The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values from molluscs and ostracods display a covariant trend, which reflects a mixing between sea water and a fluid influenced by volcano‐hydrothermal activity. Accordingly, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr from the studied carbonates (0·708758 to 0·709011 in fibrous aragonite and 0·708920 to 0·708991 in molluscs) suggests that the aragonite buildups developed in sea water under the influence of a hydrothermal/volcanic source. Significant differences in trace elements have been detected between the fibrous aragonite and modern marine aragonite cements. The caldera water from which the fibrous aragonite crusts formed received an input from a volcano‐hydrothermal system, probably producing diffuse venting of volcanogenic CO₂ gas and of a fluid enriched in Ca, Mn and Ba, and depleted in Mg and probably in Sr.     

Discussion: Stratigraphy and structural summary of the Cooma metamorphic complex

Field and petrographic studies on granitic, hematitic and chloritic breccias in the central portion of the Mount Painter Inlier, South Australia, indicate that: (i) breccias and brecciated basement extend to depths exceeding 400 m and have gradational contacts; (ii) clasts are mainly autochthonous and contain fine‐scale hematite, chlorite or quartz veinlets and fractures; (iii) K‐metasomatism preceded hematitisation and chloritisation; (iv) hematitic breccia intrudes a pegmatite dyke correlated with the Ordovician Arkaroola Pegmatite; and (v) U, F and REE‐containing minerals are present in the Proterozoic basement rocks, and concentrated in the breccias.

With a single exception, δ³⁴S values for pyrite from the breccias and brecciated granites fall in the narrow range —2.9% to +3.5%, implying formation from magmatic emanations or reducing fluids that leached sulphide minerals of magmatic derivation. δ³⁴S values for three barite samples are all close to +16%o, and firm conclusions cannot be drawn from these data. Calcites from the same rock‐types as the pyrite have δ¹³C values of — 22.3%o to —4.2%o and δ¹⁸O values of —4.0%o to +23.1%., with an inverse δ¹³C/δ¹⁸O relationship. The more ¹³C‐depleted calcites probably incorporated CO₂ from organic C, and their δ¹⁸O values are compatible with precipitation from magmatic or metamorphic fluids; mixing of such fluids with meteoric waters is implied by the calcites with variably lower δ¹⁸O values.

The above features indicate that the major processes leading to brecciation and associated metasomatism were hydraulic fracturing and hydrothermal activity resulting from ascent of granitic magmas to shallow crustal levels during late stages (late Ordovician‐?Silurian) of the Delamerian Orogeny. Tectonic and sedimentary processes appear to have played relatively minor roles in breccia formation.