浅谈"蛟龙"号载人潜水器试验性应用航次陆基保障工作

陆基保障工作是依托“蛟龙”号载人潜水器(以下简称“蛟龙”号)试验性应用航次开展的一项兼具日常公务办理和应急事件处置的综合事务性工作,主要工作内容包括：跟踪航次动向、保障海陆联通、协调船舶靠港、落实航次宣传以及为“蛟龙”号试验性应用工作领导小组和海上现场指挥部提供技术支撑等。文章回顾了“蛟龙”号试验性应用航次陆基保障工作开展情况,分析了工作特点和存在问题,针对下一步多机构联合和多潜水器协同作业模式下的深远海科考航次特点,提出了陆基保障工作的数字化建设和保密机制建设初步设想。     

蛇形铺设管道触发水平向整体屈曲效果研究

海底管道在深海石油开发工程中有着广泛的应用,管道在工作时受到高温高压会触发水平向整体屈曲变形,蛇形铺管法是控制管道水平向整体屈曲变形的有效手段。采用数值模拟方法,对蛇形铺设管道的关键参数进行研究,分析关键参数对临界屈曲荷载和屈曲后截面应力应变状态的影响。对每一组蛇形铺设管道都设置了直线型铺设管道的对照组,对照组采用引入初始挠曲的方法激发水平向整体屈曲,初始挠曲程度与蛇形铺设管道相同。通过与直线型铺设管道的对比,显示了蛇形铺设管道在激发和控制屈曲方面的优势,并对不同土体阻力情况下蛇形铺设管道的实际效果进行了评估。结果表明,蛇形铺设管道的临界屈曲力和屈曲后的弯矩皆远小于直线型管道。蛇形铺设管道的临界屈曲力随圆心角θ增大而减小,随曲率半径R的增大而增大。增大跨度L、曲率半径R和圆心角θ都能有效减小蛇形铺设管道的截面弯矩。水平向土体阻力对蛇形铺设管道影响较大,水平向土体阻力较小时,蛇形铺设管道控制屈曲的效果更为明显。     

基于R-FCN_ResNet的深海冷泉区生物的识别与分布研究

针对深海冷泉生物数量多、密度大、特征低,人工识别它们的种类和数取它们的数量耗时费力且准确度低这一问题,利用残差学习块,改进了基于区域的全卷积网络算法,用以深海冷泉生物的自动识别与检测。首先,构建了一组包括5类目标生物的深海冷泉生物图像目标检测数据集;然后,在TensorFlow框架下对比了R-FCN_ResNet、Faster R-CNN和SSD_MobileNet三种典型的卷积神经网络算法。从训练耗损时间、平均检测速度、平均置信度三方面权衡,突出了R-FCN_ResNet模型的优势;最后,将测试集图片输入至该模型中检测深海冷泉生物的种类和数量,并且以此复现了生物的分布情况。实验证明,所提方法结合本文数据集进行的深海冷泉生物识别与分布研究,是有效可行的,且具有较高的目标分类和定位准确率。     

国产深海准实时传输潜标系统设计

基于海洋环境安全保障、海洋环境预报和海洋科学研究的需要,开展国产深海准实时传输潜标系统的设计,重点进行锚泊系统水动力分析、观测设备工作同步性、准实时通讯系统安全可靠和系统低功耗等整体技术设计;开展轻型感应耦合传输缆制作、大深度感应耦合传输和智能收放通讯等数据实时通讯技术的研究;进行适用于准实时传输潜标系统的多种类国产设备的稳定性和可靠性优化、规模化集成和系统化的应用示范,形成半潜升降式准实时通讯潜标与浮子式准实时通讯潜标各1套。所设计的准实时传输潜标系统集成了1台抗污染CTD、19台感应耦合CTD、8台感应耦合T、4台感应耦合传输的ADCP、2台单点海流计和6台感应耦合数据传输仪,并配有2套声学释放器;潜标系统本体设计含有3个水下流线型浮体、1套通讯浮子、1套准实时卫星通讯装置（半潜式水下绞车或海面浮子）和1套锚泊缆系,可实现深达2 000 mm的剖面温盐深和海流等海洋要素的高频率、多要素、多层次的长期连续观测和数据准实时传输,以便对科学问题解决和海洋环境安全保障等提供及时的数据支撑。     

Global assessment of the European Union fishing fleet: An update

This paper provides a global analysis of recent trends in the EU fishing fleet. Analysis of the capital productivity, labour rates, and economic benefits of the fleet revealed that considerable replacement of fishermen by better technology and well-equipped vessels occurred between 1990 and 2006. The analysis confirms that the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) has been ineffective in reducing fishing capacity. In addition, the changes in capacity that occurred in this time interval differed among the different sectors of the fleet. Some members of the high sea fishing fleet increased their capacity (range 11–57%), and the deep-sea sector, which has greater tonnage and fishing power, increased its fishing capacity by 34–44%. These results confirm the ineffectiveness of the CFP in reducing overcapacity and illustrate the continuing threat of overcapacity to the long-term sustainability of fishery resources.     

印度洋深海热液区可培养细菌的分子鉴定与系统发育分析

采用MMJHS寡营养培养基从印度洋深海热液区沉积物和热液硫化物中分离获得16株细菌,通过16S rDNA序列比对和生理生化分析,对它们进行了鉴定并构建了系统发育树.结果表明,12株细菌属于γ-变型菌(γ-Gammaproteobacteria),其中6株属于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),4株属于嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),2株属于食碱菌属(Alcanivorax);其余4株属于芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),其中1株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis).分离获得的16株细菌中,4株为革兰氏阳性细菌,12株为革兰氏阴性细菌;H2S反应、吲哚测定反应、M.R和V-P均呈阴性.本研究为深入认识和开发利用深海热液区微生物资源奠定了基础.     

深海沉积物早期成岩过程中的Ba循环及其古海洋环境意义

深海沉积物蕴藏了丰富的古海洋环境变化信息.利用沉积物中的某种替代指标,有效地恢复古海洋环境变化历史是海洋地球化学家和古海洋学家致力研究的课题.海洋系统中Ba元素的地球化学行为及其与古海洋环境的关系研究表明,深海沉积物中Ba元素的丰度和变化特征能够很好地揭示古海洋环境变化信息.根据海洋系统中Ba元素地球化学研究的最新进展,系统归纳了深海沉积物中Ba的来源、富集相态及其在早期成岩过程中的行为,并在此基础上,探讨了沉积物中Ba元素丰度变化特征与古生产力和沉积物中甲烷释放通量的关系.     

Ontogenetic and gender-modulated behavioural rhythms in the deep-water decapods Liocarcinus depurator (Brachyura: Portunidae), Munida tenuimana and Munida intermedia (Anomura: Galatheidae)

The regulation and expression of biological rhythms with respect to sex and ontogeny in deep-water benthic decapod crustaceans constitutes an exciting field in marine biology that is far from understood. Liocarcinus depurator , Munida intermedia and Munida tenuimana are ecologically key crustacean decapod species of the Atlantic and Mediterranean shelves and slopes, and their activity rhythms in the field are poorly known. Our aim was to measure the behavioural rhythms of these species, while at the same time defining their type of displacement ( i.e. endobenthic, nektobenthic or benthopelagic). Whether gender and ontogeny modulate the rhythmic behaviour of these decapods is unknown, and we sought to clarify this issue. A temporally scheduled series of trawl hauls and light intensity measures was performed on the western Mediterranean shelf (100–110 m depth) and slope (400–430 m), close to the autumn equinox and the summer solstice. The sex and the size of animals in the catches were analysed. Catch patterns were evaluated through waveform and periodogram analyses. Liocarcinus depurator was captured at night on the shelf, whereas on the slope, animals displayed peaks both in the middle of the day and night. Size-related differences (but no gender differences) were found in its rhythmic behaviour, possibly due to intra-specific competition ( e.g. fighting) between juveniles and adults. Munida intermedia were weakly diurnal in October and both diurnal and nocturnal in June. Munida tenuimana presented no discernible rhythmicity in October, but was nocturnal in June. Both species showed no evident sex or size modulation of their behaviour. Data were interpreted assuming that all tested species present an endobenthic behaviour ( i.e. animals emerge from the substrate during the active phase of their behavioural cycle).     

一种基于微细光缆的固定式深海观察系统

介绍一种利用微细光缆实现深海观察的小型装置.阐述其系统组成、工作方式及利用微细光缆实现深海视频信号和数据的传输过程以及其研制的关键技术,展望了此种深海观察站的发展前景.     

High-resolution seabed imagery as a tool for biodiversity conservation planning on continental margins

Submarine canyons increase seascape diversity on continental margins and harbour diverse and abundant biota vulnerable to fishing. Because many canyons are fished, there is an increasing emphasis on including them in conservation areas on continental margins. Here we report on sponge diversity and bottom cover in three canyons of South-eastern Australia, test the performance of biological and abiotic surrogates, and evaluate how biological data from detailed seabed surveys can be used in conservation planning in these habitats. The biological data on sponge assemblage structure and species richness were obtained from 576 seafloor images taken between 148 and 472 m depth, yielding 65 morphospecies. Seafloor characteristics were similar within and between canyons, being almost exclusively composed of sediments with very few rocky substrates of higher relief. This environmental homogeneity did not, however, translate into biological uniformity of the megabenthos, and environmental factors were consequently poor predictors of biological features. By contrast, total bottom cover of sponges was highly correlated with species richness and served as a good proxy for species-level data in this situation. Design strategies that employ information on cover or richness of sponges provided a large dividend in conservation effort by dramatically reducing the number of spatial units required to achieve a specified conservation target of 50–90% of species to be included in reserves. This demonstrates that image-derived data are useful for the design of reserves in the deep sea, particularly where extractive sampling is not warranted. Using biological data on the sponge megabenthos to identify conservation units can also minimise socio-economic costs to fisheries because of a smaller geographic and bathymetric ambit of conservation areas.