Scenarios of land system change in the Lao PDR: Transitions in response to alternative demands on goods and services provided by the land

Sudden and gradual land use changes can result in different socio-ecological systems, sometimes referred to as regime shifts. The Lao PDR (Laos) has been reported to show early signs of such regime shifts in land systems with potentially major socio-ecological implications. However, given the complex mosaic of different land systems, including shifting cultivation, such changes are not easily assessed using traditional land cover data. Moreover, regime shifts in land systems are difficult to simulate with traditional land cover modelling approaches. A novel simulation approach was employed that focused on simulating changes in land systems rather than focusing on land cover. With the CLUmondo model we simulated three scenarios of potential developments between the years 2010 and 2030 assuming different degrees of international market integration and sustainable growth objectives. Although all scenarios show a decline of shifting cultivation systems, the respective orientation of markets and land governance resulted in strongly different land change trajectories. The land system changes are strongly location dependent and different trajectories are found in different parts of the country. Some scenarios show clear elements of land sparing with intensification of land management in the valleys and re-growth of forest on sloping land. Other scenarios show elements of enhanced multi-functionality. The approach addressed methodological challenges in simulating land system regime shifts and complex mosaic landscapes while accounting for societal demands for different types of goods and services from land systems. The land systems approach allows a nuanced representation of different types of forests and agricultural systems such as shifting cultivation and commercial agricultural plantations. Simulation results contribute to a debate about desired future land use on the national scale including its environmental and socio-economic implications.     

地缘经济背景下的老挝橡胶林地扩张监测及其影响研究综述

20世纪90年代以来,在全球橡胶市场和地缘经济合作机制的影响下,作为中南半岛唯一的内陆国家,老挝正在经历以橡胶林扩展种植为主导的土地覆被/土地利用变化(LCLUC)。橡胶扩展种植不仅对全球最大的橡胶消费国——中国进口天然橡胶至关重要,其引起的LCLUC也对老挝国内农户社会经济和生态环境造成了深刻影响。本文首先总结了老挝橡胶林种植模式、扩展机制和发展潜力,其次回顾了老挝橡胶扩展种植相关研究进展及橡胶林遥感方法研究进展。综述表明：老挝境内橡胶林种植模式、适宜性空间评价、遥感监测、社会经济与生态环境影响评估研究,总体上仍处于起步阶段。迄今,有关老挝全国层面的橡胶林种植和扩展地理分布及时空变化信息仍非常缺乏,同时橡胶林种植与快速扩展对农户生计和自然环境(水土流失、水源涵养和生物多样性等)影响尚缺乏系统研究,这也是未来需要优先关注的研究方向。本文有助于更好地理解老挝橡胶林扩展特征及其社会与环境影响,既可为指导老挝橡胶种植业有序良性发展提供科技支撑,也可为中国海南与云南等省橡胶发展提供借鉴。     

鲍高效养殖模式的研究

本研究采取苗种强化培育、坑道培育大规格苗种、湖间带鲍参混养等相结合,并配套适当技术措施,促进鲍快速生长,缩短养殖周期一年左右,提高成活率15％以上,增加经济效益200％左右,形成鲍高效养殖的较理想模式。     

Movement and Home Ranges of Dugongs Around the Lease Islands, East Indonesia

Abstract. Four individual dugongs Dugong dugong , MÜLLER, 1776 were tracked with buoyant, tethered. conventional and satellite radio transmitters. The dugongs three adult females and one immature male were encircled with a net at a catch site near Haruku Island, East Indonesia, and tracked for between 41 and 285 days. The animals showed individualistic patterns of movement, moving between 2 and 3 core areas, travelling between 17 and 65 km from the site of capture. One adult female spent most of the time at two distinct inshore seagrass beds separated by about 17 km; she made five trips between the two sites. Two other females made separate trips to two distinct sites, one of them returning to the catch site at Haruku Island. The immature male journeyed between two areas about 65 km apart. completing the journey in four days. The patterns of movement confirmed a practice of regular recropping of restricted grazing swards by small, loose feeding assemblages rather than fixed herds with a strong social bond. Mean home ranges covered 4.1 km² 50% harmonic mean and 43.4 km² 95% harmonic mean.     

Das Verhalten des Mikroorganismus Metallogenium spec. in einer kontinuierlichen Kultur

A series of 7 growth experiments with Metallogenium sp. was conducted in a flow-through reactor (chemostat). The results demonstrate that Metallogenium sp. grows under simulated lake water conditions in the laboratory. Metallogenium reacted in the chemostat in the same way as a microorganism. The growth rates of the microorganism Metallogenium were determined. It can be concluded therefore that the maximal growth rate at a temperature of 15 °C was 0.7 d⁻¹.     

洞庭湖退田还湖及其生态恢复过程分析

洞庭湖曾是我国第一大淡水湖泊,盛期面积达6000km2以上,具有调蓄长江中游洪水的巨大生态服务功能.但经过近百年来的沧桑变迁,湖泊发生了巨大变化,由于泥沙的严重淤积和围湖垦殖活动,湖泊面积已萎缩至2625km2,为我国第二大淡水湖泊.湖泊萎缩削弱了其生态服务功能,并由此引发了江湖洪水愈演愈烈的形势.1998年长江流域洪涝灾害之后,中国政府及时提出了"退田还湖"等洪水治理的32字指导原则,湖区各地随即积极开展了"退田还湖、平垸行洪和移民建镇"等工程.本文针对湖区退田还湖双退堤垸的生态恢复过程,选择湖南省汉寿县的青山垸进行了跟踪研究.结果显示了湖泊湿地恢复的阶段性特征,并为我国日益严重的湖泊富营养化问题的治理,提供了新的途径和可供参考的科学依据.     

以需求为导向的GIS专业人才培养模式

在详细分析GIS学科特征及社会、经济对GIS专业人才的需求状况的基础上,阐述了GIS专业课程设置的指导思想和原则,在此基础上提出了GIS专业课程设置和实践教学体系设计的方案。     

滇池铜绿微囊藻(M. aeruginosa Kutz)的分离培养与总DNA提取的改进

利用稀释法结合平板分离培养法将采用滇池水华中的铜绿微囊灌进行了成功的分离纯化,对比纯化培养前后,发现纯化后该藻的生长速度明显加快,密度大为提高,约为纯化前的5倍,由乙醇乙醚混合液对该灌作预处理后,破坏了其胶质被,再经常规方法提取总DNA,其得率提高3－4倍。     

鄱阳湖退田还湖及其对洪水的影响

在详细分析鄱阳湖退田还湖现状基础上,建立了鄱阳湖退田还湖洪水位效应计算模型,估计退田还湖对典型年洪水位的效应.并对退田还湖对年最高水位频率的影响进行了预测.最后,探讨了退田还湖圩区适宜管理模式和退田还湖对湖泊环境的影响.     

Quantifying temporal changes in Tornionjoki river ice breakup dates and spring temperatures in Lapland since 1802

Cryophenological records （i.e. observational series of freeze and breakup dates of ice） are of great importance when assessing the environmental variations in cold regions. Here we employed the extraordinarily long observational records of river ice breakup dates and air temperatures in northern Fennoscandia to examine their interrelations since 1802. Historical observations, along with modern data, comprise the informational setting for this analysis carried out using t-test. Temperature history of April-May season was used as cli- matic counterpart for the breakup timings. Both records （temperature and breakup） showed seven sub-periods during which their local means were distinctly different relative to preced- ing and subsequent sub-periods. The starting and ending years of these sub-periods oc- curred in temporal agreement. The main findings of this study are summarized as follows： （1） the synchrony between the temperature and river ice breakup records ruled out the possibility that the changes would have occurred due to quality of the historical series （i.e. inhomoge- neity problems often linked to historical time-series）; （2） the studied records agreed to show lower spring temperatures and later river ice breakups during the 19th century, in comparison to the 20th century conditions, evidencing the prevalence of cooler spring temperatures in the study region, in agreement with the concept of the Little Ice Age （1570-1900） climate in North-West Europe; （3） the most recent sub-period demonstrate the highest spring tem- peratures with concomitantly earliest river ice breakups, showing the relative warmth of the current springtime climate in the study region in the context of the past two centuries; （4） the effects of anthropogenic changes in the river environment （e.g. construction and demolition of dams） during the 20th century should be considered for non-climatic variations in the breakup records; （5） this study emphasizes the importance of multi-centurial （i.e. historical） cryo- phenological information for highly interesting viewpoints of climate and environmental his- tory.