中国生物质能源植物种植现状及生物多样性保护

随着国家对可再生能源的重视和扶持,我国以麻疯树等为主的能源植物种植业呈现快速的产业化发展势头.这种生物质能源植物的产业化种植可能会对生物多样性带来影响,如对生态系统与栖息地的影响等,但这些影响还存在着诸多的不确定性和争议.从防患于未然的角度,对我国的生物质能源植物种植业发展提出了相应的建议:在生物多样性敏感地区的种植规划和项目应进行生物多样性影响评价,应尽可能使用当地物种并进行合理的配置,尽可能减少大规模单一物种的种植模式,注意原有生境的完整性和生态廊道的维持;同时,需要政府部门加大科学研究支持力度并做好监测工作,以实现我国生物质能源植物种植业和生物多样性保护的双赢.     

梅州市阴那山旅游区主题旅游产业集群的培育

旅游产业集群是旅游区旅游竞争力提升的有效模式.近年来中国许多旅游区都在积极培育旅游产业集群,要真正实现由产业集聚到产业集群的演变,必须深入研究旅游产业集群必须具备的空间集聚性、集群网络性、集群创新性、根植性4个基本特征,理解旅游产业集群的基本内涵,找出培育旅游产业集群的基本依据.本研究以阴那山旅游区为例,从旅游产业集群的基本特征角度对该旅游区集群化发展过程中存在的问题进行深入分析,并提出了相应的对策建议.     

Some observations on phytoplankton species composition,biomass, and productivity in Kenepuru Sound,New Zealand, 1982–83

Phytoplankton species composition, biomass, and rates of primary production were determined at two sites within Kenepuru Sound, New Zealand, in spring, summer, and autumn of 1982–83. Microflagellates and ultraplankton (< 5–10 μm) were numerically very abundant on each occasion and small gymnodinoid nanno‐planktonic (< 10–15 μm) dinoflagellates were likewise always a common component of the populations. The dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum gracile, made a substantial contribution to the total biomass in summer. The diatom community changed from mainly small chain forming species (Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindricus spp.) in spring to small solitary centric and pennate forms (Nitzchia longissima, Coscinodiscus spp.) in summer, to a diversity of larger taxa (Coscinodiscus concinnus, Eucampia zoodiacus) in autumn. The autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was a particularly important member of the autumn photo‐autotrophic assemblage. Both phytoplankton biomass and productivity increased from spring to autumn. In situ rates of primary production ranged from 15 to 1420 mgC m^‐2h^‐1 and chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 6.9 to 258.5 mgChl a m^‐2. A gross primary production rate, in summer, was estimated at 0.57 gC m^‐2 d^‐1. Phytoplankton production and biomass appeared to be related to dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations as a result of variations in the freshwater inflow. A tentative comparison between the rates of phytoplankton and cultivated mussel production is made.     

不同培养密度对卤虫生长的影响

在实验室用面粉作饵料．分别设置l000只／L,5000只/L,10000只/L,25000只／L和50000只/L共5个密度梯度,进行卤虫培养实验,结果发现：培养密度为lO000只/L组的成活率、日增重率、总增重率、饵料系数等各指标均较商,分别为42．9％,0．30％,2068．2％和0．69,为室内培养卤虫较为理想的密度。     

精准水稻种植信息系统结构、管理与应用

精准农业是当今世界农业发展的新潮流 ,中国 2 1世纪农业的发展方向之一。稻谷产量占我国粮食总产量的 4 0 %左右 ,实现精准水稻种植具有重大意义。在上海市农工商现代化农业园区“精准农业试验与示范基地”开展的水稻精准种植试验 ,结果与其他地块相比较 ,化肥使用量减少 1 5 % ,单产提高 8% ,总收益提高 1 8%。精准水稻种植信息系统是实现水稻精准种植的核心 ,目前完成 PRC/ INFO1 .0版本的开发 ,本文介绍了系统的结构、功能和技术特点。     

基于数字相机图像的长白山森林物候模拟

植被物候作为全球植被和陆面过程模型的重要参数,对其状态的准确描述在很大程度上决定着模型的模拟精度。温带森林作为北半球中高纬度地区主要植被类型及全球重要碳源,研究其物候期的变化将提高对区域碳通量的估算精度。本文以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,探讨了数字相机图像在物种尺度物候模拟及群落尺度物候模型改进方面的作用,结果如下：（1）物种尺度上,利用数字相机能获取两种植被（红松,蒙古栎）较为准确的物候期（与人工观测数据比较,绝对误差〈3d）;（2）群落尺度上,基于数字相机图像获取的冠层状态数据提高了基于气象数据的物候模型（GSI：growingseasonindex）的模拟精度（R2=0．9）,尤其是秋季物候模拟,为进一步分析群落物候的环境控制因子提供了有力手段。研究表明：数字相机不仅能够提供精确地基于物种尺度的物候数据,还可为遥感物候数据的校正提供参考,同时为生态模型中物候模块的改进及降低区域尺度碳通量模拟不确定性提供了新的思路。     

Detecting and mapping annual newly-burned plots (NBP) of swiddening using historical Landsat data in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia (MMSEA) during 1988–2016

Swidden agriculture is by far the dominant land use system in the uplands of Southeast Asia (SEA), as well as other tropical regions, which plays an important role in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) of United Nations. To our knowledge, the long-term inter-annual area of newly burned plots (NBP) of swidden agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia is still not available, let alone in the whole tropics. With the strengthening regional geo-economic cooperation in SEA, swidden agriculture has experienced and/or is still experiencing extensive and drastic transformations into other diverse market-oriented land use types since the 1990s. In this study, high-level surface reflectance products of Landsat 4/5/7/8 family sensors including Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) acquired in March, April and May of each year between 1988 and 2016 were firstly utilized to detect and monitor the extent and area of NBP of swidden agriculture with multiple thresholds of four commonly-used vegetation indices, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), in combination with local phenological features of swiddening and topographical data. The results showed that: (1) an annual average of 6.08×10⁴ km² of NBP of swidden agriculture, or 3.15% of the total land area of MSEA, were estimated in the past nearly three decades. (2) Annual NBP were primarily distributed in four major geomorphic units including the Central Range of Hills, Northern Mountainous Region, Western Myanmar Hills, and Annamite Chain. (3) A decadal average analysis indicated that the NBP of swidden agriculture opened year by year declined as a whole, especially after 2010, merely with an average of 5.23×10⁴ km². (4) The top ten provincial administrative units in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, which consistently accounted for over 90% of the newly opened swiddens of each country, showed distinct fluctuations in using slash-and-burn practices in the last decades. The Landsat-based (30 m) reconstructed 29-year longitudinal updated maps (including extent and area) of the NBP of swidden agriculture may contribute to REDD and local livelihood related studies in Continental Southeast Asia. Our study further demonstrated that the multiple vegetative indices thresholds approach holds great potential in detecting swidden agriculture in tropical mountainous regions.     

植被物候参数遥感提取与验证方法研究进展

在气候变化背景下,植被物候作为生态系统对环境变化响应的直接体现方式,日益受到学界关注.获取长期、连续、多尺度的植被物候数据是物候研究的基础,而利用卫星遥感手段获取的物候参数已经成为陆地生态系统变化研究的重要指标.遥感物候参数在农业生产管理、生态系统监测、土地利用类型制图、人类健康和生态系统气候变化响应等领域发挥着重要的...     

基于时序遥感数据的农作物种植制度研究进展与展望

及时准确掌握农作物种植制度时空分布信息,对于确保国家粮食安全与农业结构合理具有重要意义。随着时序遥感影像质量的不断提高,基于时序遥感数据的农作物种植制度研究备受关注。本文从研究框架、遥感特征参数以及数据产品等角度,分析了基于时序遥感数据的农作物种植制度最新研究进展。研究发现:(1)前农作物种植制度研究框架,主要包括耕地复种指数和农作物制图等相关内容,其问题在于需要高质量耕地分布数据支撑以及易将热带亚热带湿润区撂荒地误判为农作物等;(2)于红边和短波红外的新型多维度光谱指数,有助于更好地揭示农作物生长发育过程,大尺度农作物时序遥感制图取得了系列研究成果,但需要应对不同作物光谱差异细微、同种作物在不同区域和年份存在明显类内异质性的挑战;(3)尺度中高分辨率耕地复种指数产品不断丰富,但其时效性和时空连续性有待加强;(4)欧美少数国家外,目前农作物分布数据产品覆盖的作物类型有限,我国大尺度农作物种植制度数据产品欠缺,特别是复杂多熟制农业区。随着多源遥感数据时空谱分辨率的不断提高以及云计算平台性能的不断发展,我们对以下方面进行了研究展望:(1)新研究框架,建立直接提取耕作区、农作物种植模式的农作...     

Interrill erosion in the sloping lands of northern Laos subjected to shifting cultivation

In this study our main objective was to quantify water interrill erosion in the sloping lands of Southeast Asia, one of the most bio‐geochemically active regions of the world. Investigations were performed on a typical hillslope of Northern Laos subjected to slash and burn agriculture practiced as shifting cultivation. Situations with different periods of the shifting cultivation cycle (secondary forest, upland rice cultivation following a four‐year fallow period and three‐year continuous upland rice cultivation) and soil orders (Ultisols, Alfisols, Inceptisols) were selected. One metre square micro‐plots were installed to quantify the soil material removed by either detachment of entire soil aggregate or aggregate destruction, and the detached material transported by thin sheet flow, the main mechanisms of interrill erosion. In addition, laboratory tests were carried out to quantify the aggregate destruction in the process of water erosion by slaking, dispersion and mechanical breakdown. The average runoff coefficient (R) evaluated throughout the 2002 rainy season was 30·1 per cent and the interrill erosion was 1413 g m^?2 yr^?1 for sediments and 68 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for soil organic carbon, which was relatively high. Among the mechanisms of interrill water erosion, aggregate destruction was low and mostly caused by mechanical breakdown due to raindrops, thus leading to the conclusion that detachment and further transport by the shallow runoff of macro‐aggregates predominates. R ranged from 23·1 to 35·8 per cent. It decreased with the proportion of mosses on the soil surface and soil surface coverage, and increased with increasing proportion of structural crust, thus confirming previous results. Water erosion varied from 621 to 2433 g m^?2 yr^?1 for sediments and from 31 to 146 g C m^?2 yr^?1 for soil organic carbon, and significantly increased with increasing clay content of the surface horizon, probably due to the formation of easily detachable and transportable sand‐size aggregates, and proportion of macro‐aggregates not embedded in the soil matrix and prone to transport. In addition, water erosion decreased with increasing proportion of structural crusts, probably due to their higher hardness, and when cultivation follows a fallow period rather than after a long period of cultivation due to the greater occurrence of algae on the soil surface, which affords physical protection and greater aggregate stability through binding and gluing. This study based on simultaneous field and laboratory investigations allowed successful identification and quantification of the main erosion mechanisms and controlling factors of interrill erosion, which will give arguments to further set up optimal strategies for sustainable use of the sloping lands of Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.