Crystal fractionation in the petrogenesis of an alkali monzodiorite–syenite series: the Oshurkovo plutonic sheeted complex, Transbaikalia, Russia

The Oshurkovo Complex is a plutonic sheeted complex which represents numerous successive magmatic injections into an expanding system of subparallel and subvertical fractures. It comprises a wide range of rock types including alkali monzodiorite, monzonite, plagioclase-bearing and alkali-feldspar syenites, in the proportion of about 70% mafic rocks to 30% syenite. We suggest that the variation within the complex originated mainly by fractional crystallization of a tephrite magma.

The mafic rocks are considered as plutonic equivalents of lamprophyres. They exhibit a high abundance of ternary feldspar and apatite, the latter may attain 7–8 vol.% in monzodiorite. Ternary feldspar is also abundant in the syenites. The entire rock series is characterized by high Ba and Sr concentrations in the bulk rock samples (3000–7000 ppm) and in feldspars (up to 1 wt.%). The mafic magma had amphibole at the liquidus at 1010–1030 °C based on amphibole geothermometer. Temperatures as low as this were due to high H₂O and P₂O₅ contents in the melt (up to 4–6 and 2 wt.%, respectively). Crystallization of the syenitic magmas began at about 850 °C (based on ternary feldspar thermometry). The series was formed at an oxygen fugacity from the NNO to HM buffer, or even higher.

The evolution of the alkali monzodiorite–syenite series by fractional crystallization of a tephritic magma is established on the basis of geological, mineralogical, geochemical and Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr isotope data. The geochemical modeling suggests that fractionation of amphibole with subordinate apatite from the tephrite magma leaves about 73 wt.% of the residual monzonite melt. Further extraction of amphibole and plagioclase with minor apatite and Fe–Ti oxides could bring to formation of a syenite residuum. Rb–Sr isotopic analyses of biotite, apatite and whole-rock samples constrain the minimum age of basic intrusions at ca. 130 Ma and that of cross-cutting granite pegmatites at ca. 120 Ma. Hence the entire evolution took place in an interval of ≤10 My. Initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios for the mafic rocks range from 0.70511 to 0.70514, and for syenites from 0.70525 to 0.70542. Initial _Nd (130 Ma) values for mafic rocks vary from −1.9 to −2.4, and for syenites from −2.9 to −3.5. In a _Nd(T) vs. (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i diagram, all rock types of the complex fall in the enriched portion of the Mantle Array, suggesting their derivation from a metasomatized mantle source. However, the small but distinguishable difference in Sr and Nd isotopic compositions between mafic rocks and syenites probably resulted from mild (10–20%) crustal contamination during differentiation. Large negative Nb anomalies are interpreted as a characteristic feature of the source region produced by Precambrian fluid metasomatism above a subduction zone rather than by crustal contamination.     

钙碱性火成岩的角闪石全铝压力计 ——回顾、评价和应用实例

定量地获得岩体结晶时的压力,对于探讨其剥蚀深度及了解造山带的构造热演化史等方面有重要意义。对于钙碱性侵入岩而言,可以应用角闪石全铝压力计对钙碱性火成岩结晶压力进行估计。对于不同角闪石压力计公式的选择,前提是满足它们各自的适用条件,否则所得结果没有意义。角闪石全铝压力计不能用于估算A型花岗岩的结晶压力,更不能用于计算变质岩的变质压力。对于结晶温度低于750℃的钙碱性中酸性岩体而言,Anderson和Smith(1995)的温度校正意义不大。Ridolfi等(2010)提出的指数关系角闪石压力计公式适用于钙碱性火山岩中角闪石斑晶的结晶压力估算。Uchida等(2007)的黑云母全铝压力计缺乏理论和实验基础,不建议使用。应用角闪石全铝压力计所得到薛家石梁—黑山寨复式岩体侵位深度的区域变化,指示了云蒙山变质核杂岩下盘的掀斜;低角度正断层(拆离断层)可以通过高角度正断层的掀斜旋转而形成。     

山东沂水太古宙蔡峪和大山岩体SHRIMP锆石年代学

本文首次报道了山东沂水蔡峪岩体和大山岩体锆石 SHRIMP 测年结果。结果显示,蔡峪岩体的侵位(或结晶)年龄为 2562±14 Ma(12个点的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb 年龄平均值,95％置信度误差,下同),MSWD=4.5;大山岩体的侵位(或结晶)年龄为 2545±10 Ma(10个点),MSWD=6.1。两个岩体的岩相学、岩石化学和地球化学有所差别,但都属于该区同一岩体群,时代为新太古代。蔡峪岩体和大山岩体变质年龄分别为 2518±13 Ma和 2508±5Ma,它们曾分别遭受过麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质作用,对应的是太古宙末期一次重要的变质构造事件。两个岩体中均含有数量不等、时代不同的古老残余锆石,其中在蔡峪岩体中获得 2.64～2.69 Ga、2.70 Ga、2.82 Ga、2.93 Ga和 3.07 Ga 5 组年龄,在大山岩体的残留锆石中获得 2.63～2.67 Ga和 2.82 Ga两组年龄。2.93 Ga和 3.07 Ga古老残余锆石的发现,进一步证明本区确有中太古亩地体的存在,这对探讨本区太古宙地壳演化具有重要意义。     

Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions,crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses,theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens

 Measurements of CO₂ fluxes from open-vent volcanos are rare, yet may offer special capabilities for monitoring volcanos and forecasting activity. The measured fluxes of CO₂ and SO₂ from Mount St. Helens decreased from July through November 1980, but the record includes variations of CO₂/SO₂ in the emitted gas and episodes of greatly increased fluxes of CO₂. We propose that the CO₂ flux variations reflect two gas components: (a) a component whose flux decreased in proportion to 1/ √t with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 1.7, and (b) a residual flux of CO₂ consisting of short-lived, large peaks with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 15. We propose two hypotheses: (a) the 1/ √t dependence was generated by crystallization in a deep magma body at rates governed by diffusion-limited heat transfer, and (b) the gas component with the higher CO₂/SO₂ was released from ascending magma, which replenished the same magma body. The separation of the total CO₂ flux into contributions from known processes permits quantitative inferences about the replenishment and crystallization rates of open-system magma bodies beneath volcanos. The flux separations obtained by using two gas sources with distinct CO₂/SO₂ ratios and a peak minus background approach to obtain the CO₂ contributions from an intermittent source and a continuously emitting source are similar. The flux separation results support the hypothesis that the second component was generated by episodic magma ascent and replenishment of the magma body. The diffusion-limited crystallization hypothesis is supported by the decay of minimum CO₂ and SO₂ fluxes with 1/ √t after 1 July 1980. We infer that the magma body at Mount St. Helens was replenished at an average rate (2.8×10⁶m³d^–1) which varied by less than 5% during July, August, and September 1980. The magma body volume (2.4–3.0 km³) in early 1982 was estimated by integrating a crystallization rate function inferred from CO₂ fluxes to maximum times (20±4 years) estimated from the increase of sample crystallinity with time. These new volcanic gas flux separation methods and the existence of relations among the CO₂ flux, crystallization rates, and magma body replenishment rates yield new information about the dynamics of an open-vent, replenished magma body. Received: 15 February 1995 / Accepted: 30 March 1996     

A stochastic model of fractional crystallization and its application to the Japanese geosynclinal basalt

A stochastic model of the magmatic differentiation by fractional crystallization is given. The probability distribution of the quantity of crystallized solid removed from silicate melt was assumed to be binomial at any stage of the differentiation. According to this model, when concentrations of an element are transformed into their powers by using the reciprocal of the difference between bulk-partition coefficient for the element and unity as an exponent, the resultant frequency-distribution pattern becomes absolutely normal. The patterns of concentrations, however, cannot be expressed by a particular type of function but are variable according to the values of bulk-partition coefficients. Frequency distributions of element concentrations were computed under selected conditions on the basis of the model. The result shows that the skewed pattern often observed in frequency distributions of minor-element concentrations is explained by this fractional crystallization process. The frequency distributions of Ni and Cr concentrations in the geosynclinal basalt of southwestern Japan were examined in terms of this model. It was concluded that the model can be applied to the formation of the basalt concerning at least these two elements.     

分离结晶岩浆岩元素丰度关系定律的事实基础

根据中国西南峨眉山玄武岩一粗面岩系和同源的白马基性超基性岩体的地球化学研究发现:(1)对于分离结晶成因的岩浆岩,元素丰度互呈幂函数关系。报导了这一定律的事实依据,引证了安底斯山脉玄武岩—流纹岩系元素含量数据的系统证实实例。(2)指出:对同源同结晶阶段岩浆岩,元素含量关系有7种基本型式并遵守同一关系式。同源同结晶阶段岩浆岩元素丰度关系式是讨论同源不同结晶阶段岩浆岩元素丰度关系的基础。     

安徽女山麻粒岩包体的地球化学特征:下地壳组成及其构造属性初探

女山麻粒岩包体的Mg#值总体较低（28－51），在化学成分上主要表现为偏中性，没有明显的辉石、石榴子石或Fe-Ti氧化物的堆晶作用，但部分有斜长石的堆晶作用，略具Eu,Sr正异常，部分则有斜长石的分离结晶，略具Eu,Sr负异常。另外，女山麻粒岩包体亏损Rb,Th,Nb,Ta,富集Ba,LREE,Zr,Hf等，具较高的Nb/Ta,Zr/Hf比值，麻粒岩相变质作用过程造成了Rb的强烈亏损，但对Nb,Ta,U,Th的影响较弱。女山麻粒岩包体的形成过程中存在岩浆的结晶分异作用，通过分离结晶混染作用模型（AFC）模拟，表明华北克拉通太古宙基性火山岩和中必一麻粒岩分别为较可能的初始岩浆和混合源，初始岩浆经过10％－40％的AFC可以形成女山麻粒岩包体的微量元素组成。总体上，女山麻粒岩包体的主元素、微量元素特征均相似于华北克拉通太古宙中性麻粒岩、华北克拉通下地壳平均值，而与扬子克拉通下地壳平均值得明显差别。因此女山地区下地壳可能仍属华北克拉通的一部分，因而支持Li(1994)的碰撞拆离模式。     

云南鸡街碱性超基性岩杂岩体中橄榄石的矿物化学

分析了云南鸡街碱性超基性岩杂岩体主体岩石及包体中橄榄石矿物的化学成分。结果显示,不同类型岩石中橄榄石的矿物化学成分之间具有较好的线性关系;橄榄辉石岩包体中橄榄石的Fo值最高,其亚种属靠近镁橄榄石端元的贵橄榄石;从霞霓钠辉岩→霓霞岩→磷霞岩,橄榄石的Fo值逐渐降低,其亚种从靠近镁橄榄石端元的贵橄榄石→靠近透铁橄榄石端元的贵橄榄石→低铁镁铁橄榄石。这些特征表明,本区三类主体岩石为岩浆结晶分异作用的产物;橄榄辉石岩包体为Ⅱ类包体,可能为杂岩体原始岩浆早期结晶分异作用所形成的堆积岩碎块。     

滇西北红牛-红山铜矿床复式岩体黑云母特征及成岩成矿指示意义

滇西北红牛-红山斑岩-矽卡岩型大型铜矿床位于格咱铜多金属矿集区中部,其成矿作用与晚白垩世花岗质岩浆活动存在密切联系,矿区内发育燕山晚期花岗斑岩-石英二长斑岩复式岩体,矿体主要产于斑岩体以及与斑岩有关的矽卡岩中。铜钼矿化在空间上的分布具有明显的差异性,深部揭露的花岗斑岩发育弱黄铜矿化、辉钼矿化,而石英二长斑岩中发育较强的铜钼矿化,局部出现全岩矿化的特点,总体表现出浅部、接触带矿化程度高,向深部逐渐降低的趋势,导致这种差异的原因尚未明确。在详细的岩相学观察基础上,文章对复式岩体中的黑云母开展了EMPA及LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析,旨在查明矿区花岗斑岩-石英二长斑岩复式岩体形成时的物理化学条件以及导致二者含矿差异性的制约因素。结果表明,2种类型黑云母具有低Al,高Mg、Ti的特征,均属于镁质黑云母;黑云母成分显示红牛-红山燕山晚期复式岩体为具壳幔混源特征的I型花岗岩,属于高温、浅成-超浅成相、高氧逸度岩体。花岗斑岩结晶温度为737~751℃,压力为46~72 MPa,对应深度1.74~2.73 km,平均为2.17 km;石英二长斑岩结晶温度为722~754℃,压力为37~58 MPa,对应深度1.42~2.20 km,平均为1.91 km,氧逸度略高于花岗斑岩。花岗斑岩中黑云母的Ⅳ(F)值为0.91~1.06,Ⅳ(Cl)值为-4.67~-4.48,石英二长斑岩中黑云母Ⅳ(F)值为0.56~0.77,Ⅳ(Cl)值为-5.16~-4.81,与花岗斑岩共存的热液流体log(f_H2O/f_HF)_fluid值为1.31~1.47,与石英二长斑岩共存的热液流体log(f_H2O/f_HF)_fluid值为0.96~1.17,表明该复式岩体2种岩性均显示高F、Cl特征,石英二长斑岩流体中更富含HCl和HF。这些特征表明红牛-红山燕山晚期复式岩体具有同时发生Cu、Mo矿化的潜力,并且Cu、Mo元素更趋向于在石英二长斑岩中富集。较高的氧逸度和卤素含量可能是导致石英二长斑岩和花岗斑岩含矿差异性的主要原因。     

攀枝花岩体钛铁矿成分特征及其成因意义

峨眉大火成岩省是全球最大的钒钛磁铁矿床聚集区,攀枝花岩体是其中的典型代表。根据岩性特点,攀枝花岩体主体可划分为上、中、下三个岩相带,其中中部岩相带和下部岩相带岩性旋回非常发育,每个旋回从下向上铁钛氧化物和暗色硅酸盐矿物逐渐减少,块状铁钛氧化物矿石或磁铁矿辉长岩都出现在每个旋回的底部和下部。然而,尽管钛铁矿固相线以下固溶体出溶远弱于磁铁矿,从而能更好地保留成因信息,但其成分变化的成因意义没有受到足够重视。本次研究发现作为主要金属氧化物之一的钛铁矿的成分不仅在不同岩性中有明显差异,同时,中、下部岩相带的各岩性旋回中钛铁矿成分也具有周期性变化。例如,块状矿石中钛铁矿具有最高的MgO和TiO2及最低的FeO、Fe2O3和MnO,而辉长岩中钛铁矿则具有相反的成分特征。同时,钛铁矿的MgO含量与磁铁矿的MgO含量及橄榄石的Fo牌号具有显著的正相关关系。这种规律性变化说明每个旋回可以代表一次比较明显的岩浆补充,每次新岩浆补充后,钛铁矿和磁铁矿及橄榄石都是结晶较早的矿物。与Skaergaard岩体相比,攀枝花岩体钛铁矿的MgO含量较高,表明攀枝花岩体分离结晶过程中铁钛氧化物结晶较早;与挪威Tellnes斜长岩套铁钛矿床中的钛铁矿相比,攀枝花岩体的钛铁矿不仅具有较高的MgO和FeO,还具有极高的TiO2和MnO,但Fe2O3却很低,说明地幔柱背景下形成的钛铁矿与斜长岩套中钛铁矿的成分有显著的区别。