A scanning electron microscope study of bedrock microfractures in granites under high arctic conditions

Surface specimens obtained from highly-weathered upland plateau outcrops at three localities in high Arctic Canada have been studied using the scanning electron microscope. Observations are given on factors influencing bedrock surface microfracturing processes. Evidence for the concentration of both salts and organic material in surface cracks which could enhance microfracturing is presented. The importance of lithological parameters including: mineralogy, texture, and structures present in influencing the actual processes of disintegration is reiterated. Under cold, dry high Arctic conditions the combined and apparently inseparable affects of frost action, salt crystallization, and organic activity may have contributed to microfracturing largely responsible for widely scattered examples of highly weathered bedrock terrain.     

四川攀西裂谷带峨眉玄武岩的岩石学及其成因研究

峨眉玄武岩属典型的大陆拉斑玄武岩。该玄武岩是在特定的温度、压力、氧逸度条件及裂谷的构造背景下形成的。它同时遭受分离结晶作用和地壳的同化混染作用。且可以用Depaolo AFC模型描述之。通过计算所获得的图解表现了C_L~i/C_（o,L）~i,F和r之间的相互关系（i为不相容的微量元素）。用B_（13）层玄武岩数据计算的C_（o,L）~（La）值为6.15ppm,F为0.75,r为0.75。     

Chrome spinel in normal MORB‐type greenstones from the Paleozoic–Mesozoic Mino terrane,East Takayama area,central Japan: Crystallization course with a U‐turn

Phenocrystic chrome spinel crystallized in normal MORB‐type greenstones in the East Takayama area. Associated phenocryst minerals show a crystallization sequence that was olivine first, followed by plagioclase, and finally clinopyroxene. Chrome spinel ranges from 0.54 to 0.77 in Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) and 0.21 to 0.53 in Cr/(Cr+Al); the Fe³⁺ content varies from 0.07 to 0.22 p.f.u. (O = 4). Significant compositional differences of spinel were observed among the phenocryst mineral assemblages. Chrome spinel in the olivine–spinel assemblage shows a wide range in Cr/(Cr+Al), and is depleted in Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺. Chrome spinel in the olivine–plagioclase–clinopyroxene–spinel assemblage is Fe²⁺‐ and Fe³⁺‐rich at relatively high Cr/(Cr+Al) ratios. Basalt with the olivine–plagioclase–spinel assemblage contains both aluminous spinel and Fe²⁺‐ and Fe³⁺‐rich spinel. The assumed olivine–spinel equilibrium suggests that chrome spinel in the olivine–spinel assemblage changed in composition from Cr‐ and Fe²⁺‐rich to Al‐ and Mg‐rich with the progress of fractional crystallization. Chrome spinel in the olivine–plagioclase–clinopyroxene–spinel assemblage, on the other hand, exhibits the reversed variations in Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) and in Cr/(Cr+Al) ratios that decrease and increase with the fractional crystallization, respectively. The entire crystallization course of chrome spinel, projected onto the Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺)–Cr/(Cr+Al) diagram, exhibits a U‐turn, and appears to be set on a double‐lane route. The U‐turn point lies in the compositional field of chrome spinel in the olivine–plagioclase–spinel assemblage, and may be explained by plagioclase fractionation that began during the formation of the olivine–plagioclase–spinel assemblage.     

山东沂水太古宙蔡峪和大山岩体SHRIMP锆石年代学

本文首次报道了山东沂水蔡峪岩体和大山岩体锆石 SHRIMP 测年结果。结果显示,蔡峪岩体的侵位(或结晶)年龄为 2562±14 Ma(12个点的~(207)Pb/~(206)Pb 年龄平均值,95％置信度误差,下同),MSWD=4.5;大山岩体的侵位(或结晶)年龄为 2545±10 Ma(10个点),MSWD=6.1。两个岩体的岩相学、岩石化学和地球化学有所差别,但都属于该区同一岩体群,时代为新太古代。蔡峪岩体和大山岩体变质年龄分别为 2518±13 Ma和 2508±5Ma,它们曾分别遭受过麻粒岩相和角闪岩相变质作用,对应的是太古宙末期一次重要的变质构造事件。两个岩体中均含有数量不等、时代不同的古老残余锆石,其中在蔡峪岩体中获得 2.64～2.69 Ga、2.70 Ga、2.82 Ga、2.93 Ga和 3.07 Ga 5 组年龄,在大山岩体的残留锆石中获得 2.63～2.67 Ga和 2.82 Ga两组年龄。2.93 Ga和 3.07 Ga古老残余锆石的发现,进一步证明本区确有中太古亩地体的存在,这对探讨本区太古宙地壳演化具有重要意义。     

变质岩中的球状结构及其对变质作用的指示

球状结构是指由纤维状晶体组成的放射状集合体,其为一种高度不平衡的结构。它们常见于火山岩、假玄武玻璃、沉积岩以及热液沉积物中,在不同变质级别的变质岩中也有广泛报道。变质岩中的球状结构记录了丰富的变质作用信息,然而其在变质岩中的成因机制和对变质作用的指示意义尚缺少详细的研究。球状结构的生长需要温度、压力或成分的改变使得结晶体系远离平衡,它的结晶动力学过程受物质的扩散控制,要求晶体生长速率远大于物质扩散速率。详细解析球状结构和分析导致不平衡的因素有助于限定变质作用的条件和过程。本文拟从变质岩中报道的代表性球状结构出发,基于球状结构结晶所需的热力学和动力学条件,总结变质岩中球状结构的四种可能成因机制:流体结晶、变质熔体结晶、冲击变质作用和高度不平衡的变质反应。组成球状结构的纤维状晶体具有大的表面能,在持续保持温压和流体条件不变的情况下会快速重结晶使得球状结构消失,球状结构得以保留意味着其所处的环境要迅速转变为它不再结晶的条件。因此,变质岩中的球状结构指示寄主岩石经历了持续时间很短的非平衡变质作用过程。借鉴其它学科研究球状结构的定量方法和在变质作用条件下开展球状结构的实验研究是变质岩中球状结构研究的潜在方向。     

武当隆起西段新元古代牌楼花岗岩中黑云母成分特征及成岩指示意义

黑云母是花岗岩中常见的造岩矿物,其化学成分可以用于判断岩体形成时的物理化学条件、岩石成因类型及构造环境。本文利用电子探针(EMPA)对武当隆起西段牌楼花岗岩中的黑云母进行了成分分析,结果发现这些黑云母Al~Ⅵ原子数较低(0.128～0.395),而Ti原子数适中(0.236～0.267),属于铁叶云母,并且均具富Fe贫Mg的特征,Fe~(2+)/(Fe~(2+)+Mg)值为0.985～0.989。岩相学观察和化学成分分析结果显示,牌楼二长花岗岩中的黑云母为岩浆成因,结晶温度为640～710℃,寄主岩体的固结压力为0.9～1.7 GPa,log f_(O_2)变化于-18.1～-17.4之间,指示其形成于低氧逸度环境中。岩浆的氧逸度较低可能是导致牌楼岩体不能形成Cu、Au和Mo矿化的决定因素,而缺乏Sn矿化可能与熔体温度较低有关。综合黑云母化学成分和岩石地球化学特征,认为牌楼似斑状二长花岗岩为A型花岗岩,侵位于非造山的伸展构造背景。     

Geochemistry, Monazite U–Pb Dating, and Li–Nd Isotopes of the Madi Rare Metal Granite in the Northeastern Part of the North China Craton

The Madi rare metal granite is a complex massif, which contains a variety of rare metals, such as Nb, Ta, Li, and Be. In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of the granite were obtained by multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The precise crystalline age of the granite was obtained from monazite U-Pb dating, and the source of the granite was determined using Li-Nd isotopes. The Madi rare metal granite is a high-K (calc-alkaline), peraluminous, S-type granite. The U-Pb monazite age indicates that the crystalline age of the granite is 175.6 Ma, which is Early Jurassic. The granite is characterized by a relatively wide range of δ7Li values (+2.99‰ to +5.83‰) and high lithium concentrations (181 ppm to 1022 ppm). The lithium isotopic composition of the granite does not significantly correlate with the degree of magmatic differentiation. An insignificant amount of lithium isotope fractionation occurred during the granitic differentiation. The lithium isotopic composition of the granite significantly differs from that of the wall rock, but it is very similar to that of a primitive mantle peridotite xenolith (mean δ7Li value +3.5‰). The plot of Li concentration versus δ7Li indicates that the Li isotopic composition of the granite is similar to that of island arc lavas. Based on the above-described evidence, the granite was mainly derived from the crust, but it was contaminated by a deep granitic magma.     

花岗岩与大陆构造、岩浆热场与成矿

文中指出,花岗岩研究存在两个误区:(1)花岗岩没有自己独立的理论,花岗岩主要是效仿玄武岩的理论;(2)花岗岩的理论主要是应用板块构造的理论,而板块构造的理论并不适合大陆花岗岩。板块构造理论只能解决海洋里及海洋边缘的问题(如安第斯),不能解决大陆本身的问题。花岗岩在海洋里很少,绝大部分在大陆。花岗岩能否分离结晶是学术界争论的重大问题,本文从野外和镜下关系上、从理论上、方法学上和三段论法的逻辑学上进行了分析,指出花岗岩分离结晶作用是不可能的。混合作用是又一个争论的焦点,花岗岩是能够发生混合作用的,关键是笔者认为,花岗岩的混合作用主要发生在下地壳底部,而不是在花岗岩侵位和上升的过程中。目前,花岗岩研究领域里地球化学最受重视,花岗岩地球化学研究应当着力解决两个问题:(1)解决生产中提出的问题;(2)解决地球化学学科自身发展提出的问题。离开这两条,花岗岩地球化学研究即迷失了方向。笔者认为,花岗岩区分为大洋系列和大陆系列,位于海洋和海洋边缘受俯冲作用影响的为大洋系列;位于大陆内部的属于大陆系列。现存的一些花岗岩构造环境判别图仅适用于大洋系列的花岗岩,而不适用于大陆系列的花岗岩。大陆系列花岗岩的地球动力学意义不是构造环境或碰撞环境,而是地壳底部温度和压力状况。我们提出的花岗岩按照Sr-Yb的分类,适合于解释大陆花岗岩的地球动力学问题。花岗岩与成矿的关系是学术界争论的重大问题,争论的焦点主要集中在两个问题上:(1)岩浆是怎么形成的?岩浆源自哪里?(2)流体是怎么形成的?流体来自哪里,流体如何上升?为了探讨上述问题,文中主要讨论了岩浆热场理论,希望用这个理论去解释与花岗岩有关的各种成矿作用,包括与岩浆有关的各种变质和沉积热液成矿作用以及岩浆热场对煤和油气的影响等。在此基础上,提出了"与花岗岩有关的成矿组合"的概念。岩浆热场最重要的意义可能是解释了大规模岩浆活动为什么与大规模成矿作用有关的问题,指出大规模岩浆活动所造成的是1+12的效果。大数据技术是当今社会的热门话题,大数据的特点主要不在于数据的大,而在于思维的新,用新思维去处理数据才是大数据的特点。不强调"因果关系",重视"关联关系";不关注"为什么",只关心"是什么",是大数据思维的特点。其实这个特点可能恰恰最符合地质找矿的实际。板块构造引发了地球科学的一场变革,但是,它只限于地球科学理论上的变革。而大数据带来的这场变革主要不是体现在地球科学理论方面,而是地球科学研究方法和研究思路方面,它所带来的效益将是前所未有的。     

Contemporaneous eruption of calc-alkaline and alkaline lavas in a continental arc (Eastern Mexican Volcanic Belt): chemically heterogeneous but isotopically homogeneous source

Nearly contemporaneous eruption of alkaline and calc-alkaline lavas occurred about 900 years BP from El Volcancillo paired vent, located behind the volcanic front in the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB). Emission of hawaiite (Toxtlacuaya) was immediately followed by calc-alkaline basalt (Río Naolinco). Hawaiites contain olivine microphenocrysts (Fo_67–72), plagioclase (An_56–60) phenocrysts, have 4–5 wt% MgO and 49.6–50.9 wt% SiO₂. In contrast, calc-alkaline lavas contain plagioclase (An_64–72) and olivine phenocrysts (Fo_81–84) with spinel inclusions, and have 8–9 wt% MgO and 48.4–49.4 wt% SiO₂. The most primitive lavas in the region (Río Naolinco and Cerro Colorado) are not as primitive as parental melts in other arcs, and could represent either (a) variable degrees of melting of a subduction modified, garnet-bearing depleted mantle source, followed by AFC process, or (b) melting of two distinct mantle sources followed by AFC processes. These two hypotheses are evaluated using REE, HFSE, and Sr, Os and Pb isotopic data. The Toxtlacuaya flow and the Y & I lavas can be generated by combined fractional crystallization and assimilation of gabbroic granulite, starting with a parental liquid similar to the Cerro Colorado basalt. Although calc-alkaline and alkaline magmas commonly occur together in other areas of the MVB, evidence for subduction component in El Volcancillo magmas is minimal and limited to <1%, which is a unique feature in this region further from the trench. El Volcancillo lavas were produced from two different magma batches: we surmise that the injection of calc-alkaline magma into an alkaline magma chamber triggered the eruption of hawaiites. Our results suggest that the subalkaline and hawaiitic lavas were formed by different degrees of partial melting of a similar, largely depleted mantle source, followed by later AFC processes. This model is unusual for arcs, where such diversity is usually explained by melting of heterogeneous (enriched and depleted) and subduction-modified mantle.     

Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions,crystallization, and magma ascent: hypotheses,theory, and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens

 Measurements of CO₂ fluxes from open-vent volcanos are rare, yet may offer special capabilities for monitoring volcanos and forecasting activity. The measured fluxes of CO₂ and SO₂ from Mount St. Helens decreased from July through November 1980, but the record includes variations of CO₂/SO₂ in the emitted gas and episodes of greatly increased fluxes of CO₂. We propose that the CO₂ flux variations reflect two gas components: (a) a component whose flux decreased in proportion to 1/ √t with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 1.7, and (b) a residual flux of CO₂ consisting of short-lived, large peaks with a CO₂/SO₂ mass ratio of 15. We propose two hypotheses: (a) the 1/ √t dependence was generated by crystallization in a deep magma body at rates governed by diffusion-limited heat transfer, and (b) the gas component with the higher CO₂/SO₂ was released from ascending magma, which replenished the same magma body. The separation of the total CO₂ flux into contributions from known processes permits quantitative inferences about the replenishment and crystallization rates of open-system magma bodies beneath volcanos. The flux separations obtained by using two gas sources with distinct CO₂/SO₂ ratios and a peak minus background approach to obtain the CO₂ contributions from an intermittent source and a continuously emitting source are similar. The flux separation results support the hypothesis that the second component was generated by episodic magma ascent and replenishment of the magma body. The diffusion-limited crystallization hypothesis is supported by the decay of minimum CO₂ and SO₂ fluxes with 1/ √t after 1 July 1980. We infer that the magma body at Mount St. Helens was replenished at an average rate (2.8×10⁶m³d^–1) which varied by less than 5% during July, August, and September 1980. The magma body volume (2.4–3.0 km³) in early 1982 was estimated by integrating a crystallization rate function inferred from CO₂ fluxes to maximum times (20±4 years) estimated from the increase of sample crystallinity with time. These new volcanic gas flux separation methods and the existence of relations among the CO₂ flux, crystallization rates, and magma body replenishment rates yield new information about the dynamics of an open-vent, replenished magma body. Received: 15 February 1995 / Accepted: 30 March 1996