Enzymatic and Microbial Degradation of Organic Matter in Lake Hongfeng, Guizhou Province, China

1IntroductionEnzymaticandmicrobialdegradationoforganicmatterhasabearingnotonlyonearlydiagene sis,butalsoonelementcyclingandmicrobedistributioninlakesediments.Somereportsshowedtheabundancevariationsoforganicmatterinsediments (BurdigeandGardner,1998;ArthurandDean ,1998;WanGuojiangetal.,2 0 0 0 ) .However,duetothecomplexchemicalcompositionoforganicmatter,mechanismsofenzymaticandmicrobialdegradationandvariationsofeachchemicalcomponentneedtobestudiedfurther.Underanoxiccondition ,SO2 -4 isanimpo…     

中国西部天山高山带冷生土壤及相关土壤的地貌发生学

The soil landscape relationship was investigated in the Upper Urumqi River Basin of the Tienshan Mountain Range, Xinjiang, China. Cryosols occurred in glaciated valleys and north-facing toeslopes at elevations above 3 000 m. Most cryosols developed in moraine are Aquiturbels. The microrelief is dominated by earth hummocks, thus the surface organic layers are either discontinuous or broken due to frost action. The Bg horizons are either gleyed or mottled and frost-churned organic matter is common in the lower Bg horizons. Stratified horizons and buried organic or A horizons are also common on gentle sloping or undulating moraines indicating the effects of gelifluction. Reticular structures formed in the lower active layers due to ice lens formation and freeze-thaw cycles. The active layer thickness ranges from 140～200 cm. The organic cryosols (Hemistels) occur in depressions and north-facing toeslopes with an active layer thickness ranging from 90～110 cm. Soils formed on south-facing slopes have a mollic epipedon 20～25 cm thick and a strong brown cambic horizon and are classified as Haplocryolls. The distribution of cryosols is smaller as compared with the extent of permafrost due to the depth requirement of permafrost in cryosol classification. However, the existence of permafrost at greater depth cannot be ignored in land use interpretations.     

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)抗旱生理生化特性研究初报

测定了宁夏沙坡头地区固沙植物油蒿体内活性氧自由基的变化，膜伤害的程度，抗氧化保护酶系统以及光合特性与叶绿素含量的变化，对油蒿适应干旱胁迫的机理进行了分析。结果表明：灌溉地油蒿的MDA、O^-2、H2O2，脯氨酸的含量以及CAT、SOD的活性低于固定沙丘的油蒿，而植物体内蛋白质的含量、POD的活性高于固定沙丘的油蒿，固定沙丘油蒿中的Chla、Chlb含量和H2O→PCIP电子传递速率低于灌溉地油蒿，因此，当油蒿受到干旱胁迫时具有一定的抗氧化胁迫的能力。     

A nonlinear interface structural damage model between ice crystal and frozen clay soil

The shear properties of ice-frozen soil interface are important when studying the constitutive model of frozen soil and slope stability in cold regions. In this research, a series of cryogenic direct shear tests for ice-frozen clay soil interface were conducted. Based on experimental results, a nonlinear interface structural damage model is proposed to describe the shear properties of ice-frozen clay soil interface. Firstly, the cementation and friction structural properties of frozen soil materials were analyzed, and a structural parameter of the ice-frozen clay soil interface is proposed based on the cryogenic direct shear test results. Secondly, a structural coefficient ratio is proposed to describe the structural development degree of ice-frozen clay soil interface under load, which is able to normalize the shear stress of ice-frozen clay soil interface,and the normalized data can be described by the Duncan-Chang model. Finally, the tangent stiffness of ice-frozen clay soil interface is calculated, which can be applied to the mechanics analysis of frozen soil. Also, the shear stress of ice-frozen clay soil interface calculated by the proposed model is compared with test results.     

乙二醇对长毛对虾酸性磷酸酶活力与构象的影响

应用荧光光谱、紫外差示光谱及园二色性光谱等生物物理技术研究长毛对虾酸性磷酸酶经乙二醇微扰后的分子构象变化情况,结果表明乙二醇对酶分子构象有显著的影响。酶的内源荧光强度随乙二醇浓度增大而增强,Ｔｙｒ、Ｔｒｐ残基的微环境发生明显的变化;紫外差示光谱在２２０和２７５ｎｍ出现２个负峰,而２３６ｎｍ出现正峰,２２０和２３６ｎｍ的差吸收与酶分子主链去折叠有关,而２７５ｎｍ主要与Ｔｒｐ残在微环境变化有关;乙二醇     

大叶藻微粒体GST基因对温度胁迫响应的分子机制

为了分析鳗草（Zostera marina）中微粒体谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在不同温度下的基因表达规律以及响应机制,本文通过在大肠杆菌中表达ZmGST,纯化重组蛋白以及热稳定性分析,以此为进一步阐述Z. marina的种群退化机制并提供理论依据。总之,鳗草中的微粒体GST的热稳定性和其对温度变化的响应决定了其对温度的耐受范围,并进而影响其恢复力。     

发酵浒苔对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长、非特异性免疫及消化酶活性的影响

浒苔经发酵后按添加比例（0%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%）分别加入到珍珠龙胆石斑鱼（Epinephelus lanceolatus♂×Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀）基础饲料中配制成6种饲料,用以探讨发酵浒苔对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长、肠消化酶活性及血清非特异性免疫力的影响。选用初始平均体质量为（19.16±0.25）g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼为研究材料,试验周期28 d。结果表明:发酵浒苔能显著影响石斑鱼的增重率（WGR）和特定生长率（SGR）（P<0.05）,且随着发酵浒苔添加水平的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在2%组添加量时显著高于对照组。同时,相比于对照组,各添加组饲料系数（FCR）均有下降,在2%组时显著降低（P<0.05）。添加发酵浒苔可以显著提高血清总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和酸性磷酸酶（ACP）的活性（P<0.05）,但对溶菌酶（LZM）和酚氧化酶（PO）活性影响差异不显著（P>0.05）。在添加组中,淀粉酶、脂肪酶以及胰蛋白酶活性均得到了显著提高（P<0.05）,添加水平在2%~3%时效果最好。综合发酵浒苔对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的作用效果可以看出,发酵浒苔可以明显促进其生长,提高非特异性免疫力及肠道中消化酶活力,建议发酵浒苔在饲料中添加量为2%左右。     

亚硝酸盐胁迫对尖吻鲈稚鱼抗氧化酶活性及皮质醇的影响

作者采用半静水生物测试法,对尖吻鲈稚鱼(Latescalcarifer)(15日龄)进行急性亚硝酸盐胁迫试验,试验共设定4个亚硝酸盐浓度梯度试验(0、100、300和500 mg/L),并分别于0、6、12、24、36、48和72h处进行取样,测定其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)等抗氧化酶活性及皮质醇含量,旨在揭示尖吻鲈稚鱼在急性亚硝酸应激下,抗氧化酶及激素的调节机制。分析结果表明试验剂量和时间均对各抗氧化酶活性和皮质醇含量影响显著(P0.05)。实验结束时,SOD活性显著高于对照组,而POD活性均显著低于对照组, CAT活性除最低浓度胁迫处理组显著低于对照组以外,其他均显著高于对照组, ACP活性低于或略低于对照组水平, GSH-PX活性最低值出现在最高浓度胁迫组且显著低于对照组,而皮质醇浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结果证明了鱼体抗氧化酶活性和皮质醇对亚硝酸盐刺激具有调节反应,一定程度上也证明了尖吻鲈仔、稚鱼较强的亚硝酸盐耐受能力。     

台风过境对养殖三疣梭子蟹抗氧化系统及Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响

为了研究台风过境对养殖三疣梭子蟹的影响,于2015年7月采集“灿鸿”台风经过象山前后12 h内象山三疣梭子蟹养殖场样品,检测台风前后三疣梭子蟹中T-SOD、CAT、ACP、Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活性以及MDA、GSH含量的变化。结果显示:台风过后鳃中T-SOD酶活性升高极其显著(p<0.01);CAT酶活性显著升高(p<0.05);MDA和GSH含量则呈现增加趋势,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。肝胰腺中T-SOD酶活性呈现降低趋势,但差异不显著(p>0.05);CAT酶活性呈现升高趋势,差异不显著(p>0.05);MDA含量显著增加(p<0.05);GSH含量增加极其显著(p<0.01)。心脏中T-SOD、CAT酶活性和GSH含量呈现增加趋势而MDA含量呈现降低趋势且差异均不显著(p>0.05)。心脏和鳃中ACP酶活性呈现上升趋势,肝胰腺中ACP酶活性降低,但差异都不显著(p>0.05)。Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶活性在鳃中极显著下降(p<0.01),在肝胰腺中酶活性极显著上升(p<0.01),在心脏中酶活性显著上升(p<0.05)。结果表明台风会造成三疣梭子蟹短期内应激反应,如若不尽快采取措施,后期会对三疣梭子蟹造成较大的损伤。     

黑土肥力质量评价的生物指标研究进展

由于受到自然因素和人类掠夺式开发利用的影响,黑土肥力下降不断加剧,对国家粮食安全构成重大威胁,黑土肥力质量评价指标已成为当今土壤学的研究热点.传统的研究涉及较多化学和物理指标,近年来生物检测技术迅猛发展,土壤生物指标因其灵敏性较高已逐渐成为土壤肥力质量评价的重要参数,但还没有形成统一的标准,因此有必要梳理一下土壤生物指标.本文对近些年土壤微生物、酶活性及动物等土壤肥力质量评价的生物指标的研究进展进行了综述,为黑土肥力质量评价提供新的研究思路和手段.